Portable Anthology - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 271 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2018/12/15 Category Literature Essay Type Book review Level High school Tags: Literacy Essay Did you like this example? This is a handy-sized literature text book found at a very affordable price. It offers a collection of temporary and classic literature at a properly balanced selection. For instance, it consists of nine plays, forty stories and two hundred poems which basically assisting in the composition course literature or introductory literature. For the easy understanding and access to the information, the literature is arranged chronologically according to genre and well supported by editorial matter concisely and informatively. Furthermore, it includes a complete guide which is well explained on how to write about literature especially in the fourth edition. This encourages a proportional increase in coverage in close reading of the book. Similarly, this volume of guide purely offers great combination trademark of great value and high quality compared to other popular members in the same series. Furthermore, portable anthology is a real direction on how any given writer can think on how to craft a good argument, speech or essay of any piece of writing. For instance, it shows thinking as the main issue revolving around reading and writing process. Similarly, 40 model essays effectively show rhetoric as an effective tool to essay writing. The models of the essay greatly serve in teaching the connection of writing and reading; that is, specifying on form and styles as tools to success. Many of those who have read some of the essays really love the guide especially to those who get their topics well dealt for. Finally, even though a potable Anthology has many facets, there are some essays which are very problematic. Therefore, they can form a better way in introducing examples about. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Portable Anthology" essay for you Create order

Slavery was one of the biggest and most heartbreaking...

Slavery was one of the biggest and most heartbreaking situations of racial discrimination. It put an intense and overwhelming feeling of inferiority over African American people that has stuck with them through many decades. Slavery had an extremely severe impact on the development and creation of the new African American culture. The maltreatment and brutality that they were forced to endure and overcome was not the only thing that affected the unfolding of the new and separated community. One major factor that greatly affected the new development of the culture includes the traumatic event of being torn from their home land and removed from all senses of normalness, familiarity and comfort. Their original ways of life and initial†¦show more content†¦The ship rides were no cruise. As many slaves as could fit were crammed into the ships shackled to each other at the hands and feet. Some were even chained to the walls. Families were torn apart, mothers separated from their c hildren, thousands of slaves forced to take a 9 day journey surrounded by strangers. They had about a 5 foot by 2 foot space if that and there were no restrooms or showers. Many diseases spread and many slaves did not make the trip. Those that passed were thrown overboard; some sick were also thrown overboard to prevent the spread of infections and diseases to others. Those who made the trip were hosed down and groomed to seem as healthy was possible then sold at auctions for the highest price. There was also the Triangular Trade. (2) Slaves went from Africa to the West Indies to make sugar. From there the sugar was taken by New England. In New England Rum was taken from there to Africa and then the whole cycle would start back up again. There was an enormous profit to be made and because of this slavery went on for over 200 years; also because a gag rule kept the issue out of discussion. (3) For slaves being separated from their previous culture played a crucial role in the development of the new culture of Africans brought to America. Many were separated from their families and had no familiar or recognizable

Security Breach

Questions: 1. Search the web for news on computer security breaches that occurred during September-December 2015. Research one such reported incident. Prepare a report focusing on what the problem was, how and why it occurred and what are the possible solutions. 2. Research the JPMorgan chase hack case on the web (2015) and prepare a report focusing on the following questions: What was the problem? Who were affected and how? How was the attack carried out? What could have been done to prevent the attack? Answers: Part 1: Security breach Some security breaks in the whole world result in a few ramifications on the lives of various people. It influences the classification and respectability of information in different locales. The case above happened on seven December 2015. What damages buyer's certainty is the failure of the security merchants to keep his or her information secure within the organization. Two months before the event of the assault, one of the security firms in Russia by the name Russian security Kaspersky Lake, declared the rupture of its system. They trusted the essential people in charge of the demonstration were the operators working for a country state. The organization fabricates the well-known antivirus that helps an expansive scope of clients over the globe. It is evident that the specialists pulled off the break with the assistance of a progression of cutting edge and zero-day assault to gather data on the organization's progressed and most recent innovation and administrations. On a good deed, the attack did not emerge. That is so because of the exceptional security that exists inside the undertaking. It was conceivable to recognize the assailants before executing their damage to the business. Amid the period, the organization shielded the client data to keep up its notoriety in the worldwide business sector (Crump, 2015). An accomplished firm just empowers them to clarify their developments and security procedures. They enhanced their framework to avoid future events that may influence the execution of the organization. That incorporates the performance of better discovery gadgets that demonstrates any risk to the organization's data. That will guarantee the wellbeing of the clients' information that imitates to a decent notoriety about the venture. Additionally, the assault was not the shrewd move. The aggressor lost the most costly innovative propelled system that they invested a considerable measure of energy creating. The organization's advances are op en under different acts, for example, the authorizing understandings. That guaranteed that any assailant could not get the benefit to mess around with such data. Moreover, the organization incorporated the new assault vectors in their observing programming. Thus, they activities will not see the light of the day even without further ado. That will serve as a case to different assailants since they will comprehend that they are squandering their time assaulting such a superb organization. The activity could bring about information misfortune for both the clients and additionally the endeavor. The attack could prompt poor administration since their organization does not have the essential data to work. Henceforth, the most influenced in the process were the assailants since their data existed in the organization's checking gadget. They stand an opportunity to confront the arraignment and experience the ill effects of their activity. That may incorporate repaying the organization or suffering a correctional facility term. Despite the fact that it is hard to keep an assault totally, it is judicious to actualize different techniques to check the risk. For example, it is central to reinforcement any information that appears to be helpful to the data. That will lessen the effect of such a risk on the execution of the association. Nevertheless, the headway in innovation advances the break of PC security in different parts of the world. Part II: JPMorgan Chase hack The assault happened in summer and displayed a remarkable effect on JPMorgan Chase. In the main, the influenced incorporate 76 million family units and also 7 million small business (Liu, Sarabi, Zhang, Naghizadeh, Karir, Bailey Liu, 2015). The effect was on the records that accomplished a few outcomes, henceforth prompting losing cash. The figures merely exhibit an evaluation and may be higher meanwhile. Lamentably, the rupture happened at an extremely critical time. That is the point at which the shoppers' trust in the majority of the computerized operations spurned in America. The objective was at the home warehouse and additionally some different retailers in the district. These casualties experienced information misfortune, which influenced their operations in various perspectives. The impact was more prominent on the cards that such individual held with the bank. The objective on the home station has a remarkable effect on near 56 million cards. That speaks to a more prominent misfortune to the people and the trustworthiness of the association. Moreover, it harms the notoriety of the organization that influences its client base in a matter of seconds. JPMorgan is one of the largest financial institutions in the locale. Therefore, it had vital and secret monetary data in its PC framework that moves past the client's charge cards. It incorporates touchy information that aids in central leadership. Consequently, the effect was on both the purchasers and the bank. The assault influenced near one million records as per the CEO of the bank. The event of the strike appears entangled in the management plan of the organization. It seems the programmer got the rundown of the product running on JPMorgan's PCs. Later, they could crosscheck such programming with the current vulnerabilities in every product and web application. That brought the section point into the organization's framework and private information (Liu et al., 2015). That was a recommendation from with numerous abilities concerning bank's legal sciences examinations. These programmers appear to work abroad, and they could get to the points of interest of the customers. That in corporates the names, addresses and the telephone number of the clients. The bank noticed that no government-managed savings amount vanished all the while. Such PC fakes appear to be hard to recognize. Nevertheless, the bank can execute different systems that will guarantee the secrecy of their information and data. They can utilize staff that has more insights concerning PC security to distinguish any issue that may emerge and hurt the organization (Jardine, 2015). The bank ought to have the most recent reports on the working framework and the web server. That may anticipate unapproved access to the system. The bank ought to likewise keep an eye on their inside approach to guarantee that they utilize the most suitable methodologies that advance the security of their framework. Moreover, cloud administrations can enhance the wellbeing of the bank. In spite of the fact that it may appear to be costly, it will help the association to grasp the privacy and uprightness of their data. In particular, the bank ought to utilize a security master that has enough information in PC security and legal sciences. That will help in recognizing such br eaks prior before they happen. That will help the association to spare more assets and to enhance its notoriety in the worldwide business sector. References Crump, J. (2015). Corporate Security Intelligence and Strategic Decision Making. CRC Press. Jardine, E. (2015). Global cyberspace is safer than you think: real trends in cybercrime. Available at SSRN 2634590. Liu, Y., Sarabi, A., Zhang, J., Naghizadeh, P., Karir, M., Bailey, M., Liu, M. (2015). Cloudy with a chance of breach: Forecasting cyber security incidents. In 24th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 15) (pp. 1009-1024).

Paper free essay sample

Over 70 million people in this country visit a hospital each year, so it is crucial that hospital staff is mentally and physically able to carry out the duties. Recent studies conducted in this county concluded that hospital staff that are burnout because of lack sleep, stress, and hours worked have an important effect on quality care. Burnout is term used to define a person who is feeling over worked and exhausted which is usually caused by spikes in stress levels. The study also discovered that a lot f hospital staff including doctors were pushed to work long hours without time to rest and unwind. Along with the long hours, hospital staff was pushed emotionally and physically which can increase the amount of errors hospital staff can give to their patients. The good news is hospitals across this country is taking notice; the top 25 hospitals in the United States are using new techniques to help staff members deal with the effects of burnout. 1.Introduction The retail Industry reacts rapidly to changing and developing trends that may impact customer demand for pricing and offers, explicit products, customer service, and other features of customers understanding of a retail brand. Earlier, retailers analyzed business data and any other customer report data that was accessible. Today, a huge amount of data is available to them from various retail web-sites, mobile location data from computers, smart phones ND tablets, in-store video and analytic systems, customer demographics, embedded sensors and social media to name a few. This chunk and collection of data available to retailers provides abundance of new opportunities to raise revenue, control costs and converse vying threats. Big Data applications distinguished by the presence of abundance and complex data sets, signifies the acknowledgement of new visions and designs to better understand customer behavior. But in a marketplace infested with delayed economic growth and large costs, retailers are struggling aggressively to boost their hare of customers wallets.The ascent of a new breed of digital customers that wants personalized and promotion-based pricing has made success in this domain even more complicated. Although there are new visions and designs that are acknowledged through these complex data sets, dealing with such voluminous and disparate data sets is a huge challenge for companies. This outburst of data is both an asset and a chance but only if the retailers understand of what it signifies. Retailers are comprehending that the ability of B ig Data cannot be controlled using typical Database management tools. The Big Data application in Retail Industry needs results that can assist them access customer and product knowledge, realize and act with the trends Of customer behavior, and guarantee their continued purpose and endurance in an extremely challenging market. The result needs to instantly assemble and process this amount of data from various channels and understand real-time observations and analytics to generate quick decision for creating true business value.The goal of this paper is to explore Big Data application in Retail industry, review methodologies that include suitable framework, how Big Data is the evolving solution for retailers, challenges involved, current state of Big Data application in retail and its scope in the future. 2. Literature Literature review accounts the description and definitions ideas that are discussed in this paper along with the research in progress and also it points out the expected future of advancing technology and Big Data applications in Retail . . 1 Defining terms which are used in this paper. 2. 1. 1 Big Data Analytics It is the method of analyzing large data sets holding a variety of databases i. E big data to reveal market trends, customer choices, hidden tatters, uncharted correlations, and other beneficial business information. It allows organizations seeking relevant business information and perceptions to analyze a mix of semi-structured, structured and unstructured data.The analytical data can direct to more productive marketing, competitive benefits over opposing organizations, better operational ability, improved customer service, new revenue junctures and other business advantages. The basic goal of Big Data analytics is to assist organizations to make reliable business decisions by allowing predictive meddlers, data scientists ND other analytic professionals to analyze huge amount of transaction data, as well as different patterns of data that may be initiated by common business intelligence plans. That could involve Internet slipstream data and Web server logs, content from survey answers and customer emails and, mobile-phone text call logs and machine data detected by sensors that are connected to the Internet. Determining Big Data with the software tools are usually availed as part of advanced analytics disciplines such as , data mining, text analytics, predictive analytics and statistical analysis. In addition, tat warehouses may not be able to hold the altering requests modeled by sets of big data that require to be updated repeatedly or even persistently.Hence, multiple organizations looking to process, accumulate and analyze big data are turning to a fresh class of technologies that involve Hoodoo and related tools. Those technologies shape the center of an open source software framework that holds the processing of varied and huge amount data sets. In few cases, Hoodoo systems are being accounted as staging areas and platforms for data before it is put into a data wareh ouse for examination. The idea of a Hoodoo data lake that aids as the principal repository for companys arriving streams of raw data, is being advanced by big data vendors. Subsets of the data can be clarified for analysis in such architectures, in analytical databases and data warehouses, or utilizing batch query tools, SQL on Hoodoo and stream processing software technologies, ad hoc queries written in SQL, it can be examined straight in Hoodoo. Even though many vendors presently offer software links between relational databases and Hoodoo, in addition to data integration tools alongside big tat effectiveness, merging data warehouses and Hoodoo systems can be a challenge. . 1. 2 IT Technology and Frameworks in Consideration Today, in the present generation Of information progression, similar anticipation is very critical to execute a huge amount of material in a favorable way. The advancement of aligned actions and computations is the method to achieve finer compliance and execution to manage such large knowledge. In the cutting edge digital world, there are many prevailing analogous adapting methods. Map reduce, a programming model that Google formulated is acknowledged as an intensely prevailing large amount f information altering ideal which is been briskly constricted on and linked along with the erudite society including business people. The commended actions for the Map reduce caches fine aspects analyzed along with adjusting, conveyance, information stockpiling, duplication etc. For executing the adaptability of large information, which are decrease and guide capacities, it will be understandable to know that developers label 2 capacities.The current functions of the Map reduce are subdivided into 3 sections: Easing up sub methods, three applications according sub space, and serrated covering mounts. 2. 1. 2. 1 Map Reduce To process a large amount of data, the applications can be drafted using this framework. Map Reduce mostly separates the data that is administered as an input and the data is processed with the assistance of map tasks in an alongside way. In distributed computing situations, this framework is implied to as a different approach of altering huge information, it is also condemned as DBS and a significant step rearward.Map Reduce is generally disengaged of designs and accounts and therefore, its structure necessitates a single emerging log at resultant information. The last occurrence demonstrates that none of this is colossal, because of the civil argument advances and the two alterations are complementary. Including Aster and Hoodoo, less handlers of DBS acquire tantamount into their frameworks, the Map reduce front-closes. Fig 1: Map-Reduce 2. 1. 2. 2 Hoodoo It helps to examine the data that is extensive in size and is an organized one.To analyze the massive data, it uses an aligned database mode. There are various elements resent for Hoodoo DB. The database connector, executes queries of SQL and establish connection to the database. Information about he data base is controlled by the catalog controls. From compliance and execution of DBS and Map reduce, Hoodoo which is a half and half framework, conveniently accomplishes the best means. Fig 2: Arch texture of Hoodoo System 3. Apache Hoodoo for Retail As power has transposed to consumers, the reality of shopping has altered severely in recent years.Retailers rein in Hoodoo and Big Data to propose consumers Personalized Shopping Experiences. Even while drifting through stores, shoppers can easily search, observe and compare products from any device. Reviews can be exchanged shared about products and retailers wrought social media. In this new tech generated atmosphere, retailers have to compete and make use of new strategies and methods to allure customers. Through many channels, Big data and Hoodoo allow retailers to link with customers at a completely new level by controlling the huge amount of new data accessible today.It assists retailers to integrate, store and analyze an advanced variety of online and offline customer data like e commerce transactions, email , slipstream data etc. 4. Critique and Limitations of technology There are already existing multiple copies of big data. These multiple copies of the data resulted as HDTV was erected without the idea of effectiveness. There is very little SQL support: as there are open source elements that attempt to set up Hoodoo as a questionable data warehouse, however they offer very less SQL support.The Map Reduce IS a challenging framework which is very difficult to influence for different transformational logic. With directed offers and promotions receiving the biggest benefits, Big Data does have a certain positive impact on Retail industry, followed by an appeal Of customer-centric marketing, forecasting ND supply chain modeling, loyalty program management, workforce management and store design. 5. Current Stage of Big Data in Retail A key source of ambitious benefits is change, comprising of adoption, invention and deployment of new technology and affiliated process betterment.In retail industry Big Data is an innovation that has acquired prominence. Managers have greatly been trying to comprehend what Big Data encompasses, how to make it a necessary part of their businesses and what it may be accounted for, who are working in retail supply chain firms (that is, manufacturers, distributors, logistics providers, retailers, wholesalers, ND other service providers). For retail supply chains Big Data can be used with focus on applications. In retail supply chains, Big Data use is still ambig uous. Even though maximum number of managers have stated initial, and in some cases cogent efforts in examining huge sets of data for decision building different challenges enclose these data to an extent of use arching usual transactional data. 6. Future direction for Big Data in Retail In Retail industry, big data can be the fuel to victory. And hence making Big Data analysis interactive is accessible, multi-source and scalable or a good business: A business leader in search of good methods to drive crucial growth, a logistics manager reconstructing inventory management or a fraud specialist analyzing claims.People in the technology world, when talk about analysis they usually signify computed solutions of complex mathematical archetype. Even though the definition of big data in accordance of velocity, variety and data volume- only happened about in 2001. But in the last five years big data has captured a fresh lease of life, greatly as a result of discovering new methods and techniques to analyze tat by companies and retailers. The data type is one of the key sources that makes big data huge.Big data analytics usually focuses on unstructured data, such as videos, emails, photos and posts on social networks, unlike the typical business insight, which examines structured data. Even though unstructured data is acceptable, Hoodoo which is an open-source framework for accumulating huge amount of data, has prospered in the last decade. Retail stores are making use of big data extensively. They can examine customer activity by making use of loyalty cards.For instance, they can stock a less- ailing product since the consumer who are likely to spend the most have an inclination to buy it. Having a very little insight on this will make them loose out on potential revenue or, worse, loose the most promising customers. Big data is now enterprise-ready, i. E. It is economically applicable. Since it is now inexpensive to stores processing this data and increase in computer processing speeds can leverage big data analytics to do more businesses.Now people with less particular skills can open up to big data due to the availability of Analytics tools. Real-time can help do analysis. New companies ND organizations are now beginning to develop frameworks to provide companies with awareness, since Hoodoo was not drafted for real-time examination. 7. Discussion Advantages: The advantages of Big Data in the retail industry are many. Errors can be determined quickly by making use of Big Data Analytics. Real- time awareness in mistakes assists retailers to act as soon as possible to check the effects of a functional problem.This can rescue the operation from failing or falling behind entirely. Retailers can stay one step ahead, with the Real-Time Big Data Analytics, from the competition. Good service can aromatically lead to greater length of extra revenue and conversion rate. Upcoming failures can be monitored by organizations when the customers use the products. When some unknown person attempts to hack into a retails business he can be are notified at the very instant. Additional revenue can be achieved by the retailers by making good sale insights.If an internet retailer observes that his product is doing very well, he can take action to keep out on the lost revenue. Retailers can maintain with customer trends. Faster and wiser decisions can be taken that will help in meeting the customers needs. Disadvantages of Big Data applications in Retail: For implementing Big Data, the complexity and cost are very large. Retailers are still not entirely ready for Big Data and limited with basic business reporting. Big Data solutions require to address the retailers needs.A good quality of time is required to value Big Data. Retailers biggest challenges are to make good data driven business decisions, to examine the reporting and analytic tools. The retail industry has enormous amount of data which is difficult to analyze at lower level of detail. It becomes difficult to integrate and access the enterprise or third-party data. It takes too long for the queries to run. Handling retailers questions, deprivation of aid and extended chain in describing demands to IT becomes hard for reporting tools. 8.Conclusion and Implications As a principal software framework for a large, data-intensive and distributed applications, Apache Hoodoo has attained enormous popularity, but the convolution of controlling and deploying Hoodoo has become likely. Early takers of Hoodoo are realizing that they lack the procedures, tools and processes that they need to deploy and control these arrangements conveniently. However Hoodoo makes it easy to control and deploy regular installations and automation features easily of Big Data Systems that lessens the cost of ownership to retailers.Today the retail industry realizes that necessary to understand that the technology is developing, changing and that the competitors of this market should acclimate and know that the consumer wants have changed. Retailers need acknowledge and anticipate consistently the online and offline de mands of consumers. The research exhibits what Big Data aids to and how it will advance to ambitious benefits in the retail industry. Based on alternate sources acquired from online, the research made with the assistance of office analysis depicts how Big Data accordingly directed towards alteration of retail.

Miles sorry, madam! Review Essay Example

Miles sorry, madam! Review Paper Essay on Miles sorry, madam! Vasily Shukshin an amazing person, generously gifted by nature, fine sense of the tragedy of human existence and able to joke, even through tears, even on the edge of the abyss geezer who does not live like everyone else, who wants the whole world to paint and make festive. who does not understand why he was not like normal, normal people committed their stories VM Shukshin. They Crank, soul smell that in the village of people better nezanosistey, and they crave beauty in everything: oven white, dull razrisuy, prams childrens eyes are not happy to reveal And it turns out beautifully, on top of prams Crank let cranes flock area, at the bottom the flowers are different kitchen herbs, a couple of males, tsyplyatok But nobody understands, does not rejoice. And creeps into the soul longing But why am I there? And no response from the author nor the reader We will write a custom essay sample on Miles sorry, madam! Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Miles sorry, madam! Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Miles sorry, madam! Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And yet creativity Shukshin the anthems this geezer:. And the story Give us a heart! vetfeldshera about Kazulin, happy already because he performed the first heart surgery ,; and Microscope pro carpenter Erin, bought on poslednik money dorogushchy device, and Space, the nervous system and Shmat fat, which tells of a dispute boy fascinated by science, with the pensioner Naum Yevstigneyevich that struck vital feat Pavlov so that now, old age, ready to reconsider zhizennye PRINCIPLES. Shukshin hero is lost in this life, it is the city did not, and the village is from its roots, afraid to come off. Thats the tragedy of it, when the soul is torn in two when painful to live. But the life of a geezer like and appreciate, until there is strength. And what a stunningly candid Vasyl Kravchuk director, which unlike the others, with its theme of an intellectual, a true master. It is a pity, now it is almost nobody reads. People, people Clever you people, and do not know how to live. What is there to add?

the attitude of Jesus towards outcasts as presented in Lukes Gospel Essays

the attitude of Jesus towards outcasts as presented in Lukes Gospel Essays the attitude of Jesus towards outcasts as presented in Lukes Gospel Paper the attitude of Jesus towards outcasts as presented in Lukes Gospel Paper Essay Topic: Religion Jewish religion and culture created many distinctions in society and there were many categories of people who were considered as outcasts, such as, lepers, Romans, foreigners, the sick and the poor. People who belonged to any of these categories were considered unclean and therefore were avoided. Jesus consistently breaks these conventions and interacts with outcasts. Jesus demonstrates equality and compassion whilst dealing with outcasts. In Luke 16:19-31, the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. The Rich Man gave the beggar nothing, not even the scraps from the table passed over by those who had plenty. This lack of generosity certainly had its consequences in the afterlife. His misuse of his riches has excluded him from eternal reward. He has enjoyed his reward on earth in full, spending it all on himself, with no care for the beggar at his gate. Riches may have been a gift from God, a reward even, but even the Torah would reveal that the responsibility to be generous came with power and money. However,1 Jeremias has pointed out that Jesus audience may well have associated the rich man in His parable with tax collector, so the Rich Man in Jesus story ending up in torment, separated from the good, would not, perhaps have been surprising. On the other hand, its important to appreciate that from a Jewish perspective, many of Jesus listeners would perceive Lazarus as a sinner because of his miserable position, which was a judgement from God. Hence the sequel must have been wholly unexpected by the audience. Jesus listeners would have been shocked to learn that Lazarus was spending the afterlife in the intimate company of the great patriarch Abraham. He has enjoyed a complete reversal of fortune as suggested by 2Hendrikesen, after all the Rich man had several opportunities to help the beggar ut did not do so. It is also suggested by 3Drury that the Rich Man may, perhaps, have been of the Sadducee party. The Sadducees, a small but powerful group within Judaism, from whose ranks the top officials in the Temple. This elite often were the richest and the most powerful people who believed in preserving their traditions and would have kept In Luke 10:25-35 we have the Parable of the Good Samaritan, one of the most famous stories of Jesus and outcasts. The parable itself talks of how a man is beaten and robbed and left for dead by the roadside. A priest and a Levite walk by, ignoring him. The only one who stops and helps is a Samaritan. The Jews hated Samaritans at this time, and they wouldnt have liked that teaching. Jesus was saying that our neighbours might be the people we least expect. In that last parable, Jesus would have caused great offence by hinting that a Samaritan, a foreigner, and so an outcast, could reach the kingdom of heaven. Jews had the belief that they were Gods chosen people, and so were the only people who would enter heaven. Jewish law told that some groups should be ostracised and so they became outcasts. Jesus open welcoming of outcasts would have provoked hostile reactions among Jews as He was clearly breaking laws. Jesus himself was made an outcast for associating with other outcasts, which even helped his teachings. Jesus, however, welcomed and helped these people. He openly broke down the barriers that society had placed between themselves and these outcasts. Jesus touched lepers, talked with tax collectors and ate with sinners. One of the many examples of this is told in Luke 19:1-10. It is the story of Jesus and Zacchaeus, in which Zacchaeus is a chief tax collector who wanted to see Jesus. As he was small he climbed a sycamore tree to see Jesus. Jesus called him down and said he would stay in his house. The people were shocked that Jesus was going to and outcasts home. Zacchaeus promised to give half his belongings to the poor, and pay all he had cheated back four times as much. Jesus said that salvation had come to him and used a Messianic title talking of himself. This story is one of conversion, where the people were shocked that Jesus was actually calling a sinner and associating with him. How far does a social and historical background of first century Palestine contribute to an understanding of these events? In the time of Jesus, many people were marginalized; meaning that they were ostracised, or separated from the rest of the community. These outcasts included lepers, Romans, tax collectors, women (especially widows), sinners and foreigners. It was thought that these people deserved to be in treated like this as it was there own fault and that their sickness was a punishment from God. Jesus obviously did not agree with this opinion and showed that everyone was equal and deserved respect and care just like everyone else. The Jewish teachers of law would have been enraged by Jesus actions. He was going against major teachings of the law. On the Sermon on the Mount, he had taken it upon himself to, in the Jews eyes, to rewrite what had been passed down form generation to generation from Mosses and others. Although not completely changing them, some would have found that the new laws were much harder as they required real commitment to God. They considered that if you gave money to the church, you were a good person. Now they were shown that they must have the spirit and the faith, which was much more important. In many of Jesus miracles he did them because of the strong faith of those who received. Jews saw the Romans as an occupying army and the fact that they were foreigners and so in the Jews eyes wouldnt enter heaven. Jews would have believed that these were second-class citizens and anyone who worked for them were disloyal to the Jews. Also many Jews felt that tax collectors charged much more than was required. This was immensely irritating to the Jews and therefore tax collectors were considered unclean spiritually and morally.

International public law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International public law - Essay Example As per† Michael P. Scharf â€Å"(1995), for more than five centuries, governments have opted universal jurisdiction over piracy on the high seas2. This research essay will make an attempt how universal jurisdiction can be applied by the piracy affected States in apprehending and sentencing the pirates despite of their laws may impede the same. Of late, courts around the globe have banked upon universal jurisdiction (hereinafter will be referred as UJ) which is being used to defend proceedings against supposed perpetrators of crimes on international sea waters. The doctrine of UJ explains that a country can initiate legal action to indict offences to which it has no link or connection at all- the jurisdiction will be footed upon purely on the extraordinary barbarousness of the said conduct. As per UJ, any country can initiate legal action for universal offenses, not taking into consideration at all the objection of the victims and defendants’ home nations. However, there is no globally codified definition of UJ, the notion, it has been signified, allows nations under international law to initiate legal action on some offenses that are committed in foreign nations, in spite of any link with crime and in the absence of any nexus provided by other grounds of prescriptive jurisdiction acknowledged by international law. An assertion of UJ can usher conflict and possibly create hostility among nations since it can be assumed as an encroachment on the sovereign authority of the nation that has traditional prerogative or jurisdiction over the offense3. For many hundreds of years, UJ was made applicable to only to piracy offenses. Proponents of UJ have tried to establish its legality by invoking piracy as a precedent, inspiration and justification4. As per Randall, under UJ, any state is having the right to punish an offender

How does stigma and discrimation hinder recovery of patients with Essay

How does stigma and discrimation hinder recovery of patients with schizophrenia - Essay Example Research Method: Qualitative research will be done on this study and a thematic approach will be used as the study seeks to examine, investigate, locate and record patterns. A survey will be conducted. Sample: Non probability sampling method. A total of 60 sample units will be used, 40 being schizophrenic patients and 20 nurses or family members. Data collection: Interviews and focus groups will be used as tool of data collection. Data analysis: Data analysis will be conducted through SPSS software and the Burnard model of coding, which provides a model for data organisation. Findings and Result: Stigma and discrimination were observed to affect the schizophrenic patients through hindering recovery and even exacerbating the illness. Conclusion: Without the stigma and discrimination, schizophrenic people would recover fast and easily thus contributing to the society. The stigma and discrimination that follows a person after being diagnosed with schizophrenia is usually what leads them to an early grave. Schizophrenic patients have been misunderstood by many people for a long time How does Stigma and Discrimination hinder Recovery of Patients with Schizophrenia? Introduction Many individuals with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia have confirmed that the stigma they face from other people usually leads to more pain than the disease itself. Stigma reduces the patient’s self-esteem and denies them many social opportunities stigma. Stigma can be explained as the negative attitudes that people have towards others while discrimination is explained as unfair treatment of people due to their social grouping (Parle, 2012:2). Schizophrenia refers to a mental condition that extends over a long period of time, and causes numerous distinct psychological symptoms such as, hallucinations, delusions, and unusual behaviours (Sachdev and Keshavan, 2010:4). It is a psychotic condition where patients are incapable of discerning reality from their own thoughts and imagina tion (Chan and Sireling, 2010:107). The people suffering from this condition are pre-judged, therefore, finding it hard to maintain and sustain relationships, friendships and employment. Stereotype portrayed by the media have been blamed for the fear and ignorance about schizophrenic people (Bos, 2009:510). Background I came across a report at the beginning of the year, which suggested that out of every six workers in the United Kingdom, one usually suffers from a mental illness at a certain time in their career (Bevan, et al. 2013:5). With the country experiencing tough economic times recently, there was an upsurge in the number of working age people suffering from a variety of mental illnesses. A lot of attention was put on anxiety and depression but the health care sector seemed to forget about some extremely intense mental conditions like schizophrenia. It dawned on me that proper attention should be paid on schizophrenic patients and I decided to look at ways that a patient cou ld recover from such an illness. That was when I got the idea of investigating stigma and its effect on the recovery of schizophrenic patients came into mind. Research question formulation An excellent research question has to be accurate and precise. The research question formulated in this study is:In what ways does stigma and discrimination hind

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 75

Assignment - Essay Example Whereas the quality of life is represented in a uniform fashion throughout much of the province of Ontario, only immediate regions around Winnipeg experience or exhibit a relatively high quality of life. This is further interesting as geographic analysis of these two provinces indicate that there is a relative level of comparison in terms of the overall education level represented between these two provinces. Another noted geographical difference between these two provinces has to do with the fact that Manitoba exhibits a very high percentage of foreign born individuals; as compared to Ontario which represents an extraordinarily low percentage. Likewise, higher population density in Manitoba and much lower density in Ontario could effectively be skewing some of the results that have thus far been reported and illustrated. Additionally, it was also noted that there were many more retired individuals living within Manitoba; especially within areas in which a higher quality of life was denoted. Obviously, seeking to determine whether this is a causal factor for whether or not quality of life is impacted upon by the overall representation of a more age advanced demographic is an exercise in futility. Yet, perhaps the most useful of metrics that was analyzed is in terms of the overall representation of primary industries within both Manitoba and Ontario. From the information provided, it was clear that Manitoba had a much less diverse economic base as compared to the province of Ontario. In much the same way that economic "Dutch disease" impacts upon the overall growth and survival of a particular region, the more diversified labor force and opportunities that exist within Ontario likely contribute to the overall higher level of quality of life and other metrics associated that have been discussed at length within this particular analysis. As Ontario is able to represent

Research methodology, different types of philosophical

Research methodology, different types of philosophical Fischer (2004) states that research methodology is the study which raises all types of philosophical questions for the researchers to know and check the availability of their knowledge. Saunders et al. (2007) states that, the research design will be the general plan of how to answer the research questions and it should contain: Clear objectives derived from the research questions It should specify sources from which data is collected Consider the constraints that the researcher will have access to data, location time and money Discussing ethical issues Cooper and Schindler (2008) mentions that the research task is a sequential process involving clearly defined steps. They also state that despite the variation in steps involved, the idea of sequence is useful in developing a research and maintaining an order as the research progresses. According to Teresa and William (1997), research methodology provides a systematic, planned approach to a research project and ensures that all aspects of the project are consistent with one another. The method that has been used for this research is based on the research process onion as described by Saunders et al. (2007). The research goes through different layers of the research onion. The various layers are philosophies, approaches, strategies, choices, time horizons and techniques and procedures. This chapter is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the research methods that have been used for this dissertation. The second part deals with data collection methods. The last section deals with population and sampling. Research Onion- Adapted from Saunders et al. (2007) Research philosophy: Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that research philosophy depends on the way you think about the development of knowledge. It is the first layer in the research onion proposed by them. According to them, there are three approaches to research philosophy. They are epistemology, ontology and axiology. Epistemology constitutes with the acceptable knowledge in the field of study; ontology is concerned with nature of reality where as axiology studies about the researchers value in all stage of research process. They argue that the choice of philosophy depends on the research question posed and the researcher feels that the approach that has to be used is Epistemology. Jancowickz (2000) mentioned epistemology as personal theory of knowing and what researcher feels as knowledge, what he counts as evidence and proof and what he does not. Saunders et al. (2007) mentioned that there are three epistemological positions namely, positivism, interpretivism, and realism. Positivism: Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that if research philosophy reflects the principles of positivism, then we will probably adopt the philosophical stance of a natural scientist. According to Bryman Bell (2007) positivism is an epistemological position that advocates the application of methods of natural sciences to study of social reality and beyond. Reilly (2006) defined positivism as a belief that only true knowledge is scientific in character, describing interrelationships between real and observable phenomena. Interpretivism: This is a philosophy where researcher be critical of positivism and argue that rich insights, into complex world are lost if such complexity is reduced entirely to a series of law like generations. It also emphasises on the difference between conducting a research among people rather than tangible objects. Realism: This is a philosophical approach which is based on that a reality exists that is independent of human thoughts and beliefs. It holds many thoughts from positivism and it scientifically questions what is regarded as acceptable knowledge. In realism, the approach assumes a scientific approach to the development of data and underpins the collection of data and understanding of those data. (Saunders et al., 2007, p105). There are two types of realism namely critical realism and direct realism. Direct realism is what the researcher experience through his senses represents the world accurately. In critical realism, what the researcher experiences are sensations and images of the things in the real world, but not the real thing. Research philosophy for this research: Saunders et al. (2007) argues that usually a combination of positivism and interpretivism are generally used in the management of business research. However, the research philosophy varies according to research question. This research focuses on impact of sales promotions on impulse purchases. Various authors have discussed the phenomenon that happens and the researcher is trying to explore the consumer behaviour on impulse purchase. The philosophy that is used in this research is realism. For this the researcher uses acceptable knowledge in the field of impulse purchase and consumer behaviour to understand the impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. The researcher collects and analyses data using acceptable knowledge for the purpose of answering the research question, so the research is more inclined towards realism. Research Approach: Saunders et al. (2007) states that all research work involves theories and suggests the clarity of researchers theory at the beginning of the research could inform the research the approach taken in designing the research. They, suggest two types of research approach of reasoning. They are Inductive approach and Deductive approach. Inductive Approach: In inductive approach, the researcher would collect the data and develop and theory with the result of data analysis. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the following are the features of inductive approach. Gaining an understanding of meanings human attach to events A close understanding of research context A collection of qualitative data A more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as research progresses A realisation that the researcher is part of the research process Less concern with need to generalise Deductive approach: Deductive approach method is the way of testing a theory. The researcher will develop a theory and suitable hypothesis. The research strategy is the developed to test the hypothesis that is developed. Roboson (2002) suggests a five-stage model through which the deductive stage will progress: Deduct a hypothesis from the theory Express the hypothesis in operational terms Test the hypothesis Examine outcome of the inquiry Modify theory in light of results Research Approach for this research: The researcher has chosen the deductive approach over the inductive approach for this research. In deductive approach for this research, an initial stage presents a general hypothesis. This initial stage contains secondary data mentioned by various authors. This hypothesis is then tested using the data collection methods to answer the objectives. Research Strategy: According to Saunders et al. (2007), seven different strategies can be used for a research. They are: Experiment Survey Case study Action research Grounded theory Ethnography Archival research The strategy that has to be used can be chosen depending on research questions and objectives, research time and other resources that are available. (Saunders et al., 2007) The most feasible solution for this dissertation is the survey method. The survey method is associated with deductive approach. It allows the collection of a large amount of data from sizeable population in highly economical way. Utilising the questionnaire, data can be standardised allowing easy compilation. It is also a cheap option for the researcher. The survey strategy also allows collecting quantitative data, which can be analysed using descriptive tactics. The survey strategy utilises the designing and piloting of data collection method to ensure a good response rate. In the case of this dissertation, the researcher plans to distribute questionnaire among the customers and thus do the survey for this dissertation. This will be handed out by the researcher himself which adds to the cheapness of the survey. The researcher is also planning to do two mini focus group interviews among the customers. Looking at all these options, the researcher feels that conducting a survey will be the best way to collect data for this research. Research choice: According to Saunders et al. (2007), the two main methods of data collection are quantitative data collection and qualitative data collection. Qualitative data that is used in research would be usually a non-numerical data. It has open-ended information. Example: Pictures or video clips. Quantitative data that is used in data would be numerical data consisting of graphs or statistics. It includes close-ended information such as attitude, behaviour of performance instruments. (John and Vicki, 2007). Saunders et al. (2007, p 146) Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the researcher can use used both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. This is known as mixed method of data collection. Both these could be done at the same time or one after the other, but the methods cannot be combined. John and Vicki (2007) argue that the weakness of both quantitative and qualitative methods can be overcome by using both the methods. If we use mixed methods, different methods like interview and questionnaire can be used for the study. They also state that mixed method research provides more comprehensive evidence for studying a research question than using just one method of data analysis. This was also mentioned as the most practical method since the researcher is free to use all the methods to address the problem. In the context of this research, the researcher used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative data techniques to find the data. The quantitative data is analysed with the help of questionnaires and the qualitative data is analysed with the help of interviews. The attitudes and impulse buying behaviour and perception of customers can be studied using the questionnaire surveys. For the qualitative data analysis, two mini focus groups consisting of three members each will be conducted by the researcher. The researcher will use the respondents observation and researchers observation to conclude his findings. In short, the researcher uses mixed method of data analysis to generalise the findings. Time Horizon: According to Saunders et al. (2007), time horizons are needed for the research design independent of the research methodology used. There are two types of time horizons namely Longitudinal and Cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period. Cross sectional studies are limited to a specific time frame. This research is also limited to a specific time frame and hence the cross sectional time horizon is used. Data Collection Methods: There are two types of data involved with this research. The first one is primary data and the second type is secondary data. The secondary data contains the literature review, which is the view by various authors about the topic. The primary data which is collected to prove the hypothesis presented which is collected using secondary data. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data may not match the needs of new research; aggregations and definitions may also be unsuitable, there for to resolve this primary data has been employed to answer the nature of the problem and test the hypothesis. In other words, the secondary data is the data that is collected for some other purpose while the primary data is collected specifically for this research. Secondary data: According to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data consists of both quantitative and qualitative data. It contains both raw data and published data. Bryman and Bell (2007) stated that it could provide an answer to the research question. They also mentioned about the benefits of collecting secondary data. It helps us structuring ideas, developing new concepts, widen new directions to data, sketch population and organise appropriate approach to the research. Saunders et al. (2007) also mentions that the secondary data should be viewed with the same caution that we view the primary data. The researcher needs to make sure that it will be able to answer the research question and meet his objectives. For this research, the researcher gathered the secondary data from journal articles and textbooks. The journals were electronically collected from the Emerald Insight (http://www. emeraldnisight.com) and Business source complete. The researcher also referred many books and magazines. Books provided the foundation for the topic and for the research methods. The journals helped to get an insight from various authors that discussed about this topic. Magazines helped to find the current situations related to the topic. Primary data: Primary data is collected for the completion of this research. It is the data collected from the survey and we do not have any previous results for this data. There are two categories of data collection available. One of them is quantitative data collection and the second is the qualitative data collection. Qualitative data: The data that is non-numerical and that cannot be quantified is known as qualitative data. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the use of interviews can help the researcher to gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to his/her research. There interviews are mainly categorised into two namely standardised and Non-standardised interviews. Standardised interviews will have interview-administered questions where as the other one does not have that. Under non-standardised interviews, there are two categories. They are one-to-one and one-to-many. The one-to-one is further categorised into face-to-face, telephone and internet/intranet based interviews. The one-to-many interviews are of two kinds; group interviews and internet/intranet based group interviews. This kind of group interviews come under a category called focus group interviews. (Saunders et al. (2007) p 313) This research will be using the aid of focus group interviews. The focus group method is a form of group interview in which there are several participants, there is an emphasis on questioning on a tightly defined topic and the accent is upon interaction within the group and the joint construction of meaning. (Bryman and Bell, 2007) The main characteristic of this interview is, it involves more than one interviewee and typically contains four to twelve members. According to Cooper and Schindler (2001), the two advantages of using focus group interview are to get a depth understanding and it is a chance to observe reactions to the research question in an open-ended group setting. For this research, the researcher conducts two mini focus group interviews. These interviews are used to increase the credibly of the research and to form a background for the questionnaire design. The critical analysis of the focus group interviews helped the researcher to critically analyse the sales promotion and its impact on impulse purchasing behaviour of the participants. The researcher was able to find two groups of respondents who were willing to give the focus group interview. These groups contained both male and female participants, with the age group between 15 and 30. The interviewees were asked questions about the sales promotional activities in the store. They were also asked about the factors that affect them to buy things impulsively and if price promotions affect the impulse purchase. The mini focus interviews helped the researcher in questionnaire design by exploring the responses of sample population to analytically test the hypothesis using quantitative data. The response from the interviewees pulled out the conclusions that sales promotions play an important role in impulse buying behaviour of consumers. Quantitative data: The quantitative data is analysed using survey method. For this research, the researcher uses, questionnaire for the survey method. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that a questionnaire includes all techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order. They also mention that it is one of the most widely used data collection within the survey strategy. The questionnaires are used in the research as it permits prompt and honest responses from a respondent than interviews. This sort of response is required for extracting information such as personal information. The biasness that is likely to occur by the difference in phrasing questions to different respondents is also eliminated by using questionnaire. The convenience, availability of resources in terms of time and cost and ease of automating data entry makes questionnaire the best choice for quantitative data analysis. According to Saunders et al. (2007), various factors affect choosing the questionnaire for a research. They are The characteristics of the respondents to whom the researcher wish to collect the information. Importance of reaching a particular person as respondent Size of the sample required by the researcher for the analysis Importance of the responders answers not being contaminated or distorted The type of question that the researcher needs to collect the data The number of questions that the researcher needs to ask to collect the data There are two types of questionnaires namely self-administered questionnaire and interview administered questionnaire. Self-administered questionnaire is used in this research because of its advantage that it can be completed without the presence of the researcher. This is supported by Brace (2004) that the absence of the researcher makes the respondent to be honest and the respondent gets enough time to answer the questions. One important thing that needs to be noted is the language used in the questionnaire. A simple language is usually preferred than using technical jargons. Bruce (2004) mentions that double barrelled questions and jargon must be avoided in order to reduce confusion among both parties Bryman and Bell (2007) mentions that piloting a questionnaire should be an integral part of the process. Piloting is the process by which the questionnaire is revised and tested until the researcher and clients are happy. It helps the researcher to improve the quality of questionnaire and its efficiency in assembling data. A pilot test was conducted among five MBA International students to validate the questionnaire. Based on their feedback, necessary amendments were made to the questions. Table 2: Questionnaire description: Sl. no Characteristics Questions 1 Collects the demographic information from respondents Q1,Q2,Q3 2 Identifies the shopping details like frequency and average spending Q4, Q5 3. Identifies the sales promotional activities in the store Q6,Q7, 4 Identifies consumers impulse buying behaviour and factors Q9,Q10,11 5. Identifies if price promotion affects impulse purchase Q12,Q13,Q14,Q15 The researcher distributed the questionnaires in Tesco retail store, Parnell Street, Dublin-Ireland. The researcher ensured that the consumers got enough time to complete the questionnaire. This researcher did not give any hints to answer the questions and this helped the respondent to honestly answer the questions. The researcher used an online tool called Surveymonkey for the data analysis (www.surveymonkey.com). The response and the scales used are mentioned in the data analysis chapter Population and Sampling: According to Cooper and Schindler (2008), a population is the total collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences. They also mentioned that to draw the conclusion about the entire population, some of the elements of the population are to be selected and this process is called sampling. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions sampling technique provides a range of methods that enable to reduce the amount of data that is needed for consideration. They further mention that this is an alternative to the census method. They provide alternative when; It would be impractical for the researcher to survey the entire population The budget constraints prevent researcher from surveying the entire population The time constraints prevents the researcher from surveying the entire population Results are needed quickly Mayolor and Blackmon (2005), mentions that sampling frame facilitates, conclusion making about the social units that have been selecting units that are representative of the population. Saunders et al. (2007) classifies the sampling techniques into probability sampling Non-probability sampling. In probability sampling, the probability of each case being selected from the population is the same for all cases, where as in non-probability sampling, the probability of case being selected is being unknown. Cooper and Schindler (2008), argues that, if the non-probability sampling is feasible, if the total population for the study is unknown. In this case, the population are the customers of Tesco, Parnell Street, Dublin. Non-probability sampling is further divided into five types: Quota Sampling Purposive sampling Snowball sampling Self selection sampling Convenience sampling This research focuses on impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. In this research, the quota sampling is found to be more appropriate for the sampling. Saunders et al., (2007) confirms that with the help of quota sampling, population could be divided into specific groups. This helps in calculating a quota for each group based on appropriate and obtainable data. According to Barnett (1991), cited by Saunders et al. (2007), quota sampling is entirely non-random and is normally used for interview surveys. It is based on the premise that the sample will represent the population, as the variability in the sample for various quota variables is the same as that of the population. For this research, the population is categorises into specific groups. Appropriate estimate from each group is prepared to distinguish the quota based on reliable data. Each interviewer will be analysed and the data will be collected from each quota. The data that is collected are then united to obtain a full sample. The researcher selected the quotas according to the age group and gender. The customers were selected by the respondent randomly first. The researcher then checked the respondents criteria of the age group and selected the people he wanted. Sampling Frame: The frame elements in the population are called the sampling frame. Saunders et al. (2007) states that the larger the samples size, the lower the likely error in generalising to the population. Hence, suitable sample should be governed by: The confidence required in the data Margin of error that can be tolerated Types of analysis that needs to be undertaken Size of the total population The sampling frame in this research includes the customers in the grocery section in Tesco, Parnell Street. The sampling size, frame and population are defined as follows: Sampling Size: 100 Elements: Customers of Tesco, Parnell Street Units: Grocery section in Tesco Parnell Street Extents: Dublin, Ireland Sampling Technique: Non-probability sampling (quota sampling) Sampling Error: 5% Time: May 2010-Aug-2010 The quotas and total sample size are given below:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   AGE GROUP   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MALE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FEMALE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15-30   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   31-50   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   51 and above   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TOTAL POPULATION = 100 Time constraint was the main reason for the researcher to select a small population. The researcher ensured that the researcher were ensured ample time to complete the questionnaire. The researcher made sure that the questionnaire had a simple design with no technical jargons used which would have confused people otherwise. The researcher plans to distribute the questions to 100 people and expects a sampling error of 5%. Since it is a self-administered questionnaire, the researcher expects good response from the respondents.

Justice and Morality in Platos Republic Essay examples -- justice as

Introduction This essay discusses and clarifies a concept that is central to Plato's argument in the Republic — an argument in favour of the transcendent value of justice as a human good; that justice informs and guides moral conduct. Plato's argument implies that justice and morality are intimately interconnected, because the excellence and goodness of human life — the best way for a person to live — is intimately dependent upon and closely interwoven with those 'things that we find desirable in themselves and for their consequences [1]. Hence, we acknowledge that Plato Is moral thesis cannot be interpreted either as a deontological or as a consequentialist argument — or as an act centred or agent centred moral concept. Plato's thesis is informative, in philosophical terms, precisely because it enables us to find new and more fruitful ways of looking at those basic questions concerning justice and morality, and the manner in which they are interrelated [2]. In the Republic Plato endeavours to answer complex questions about justice by introducing a unique account of what justice actually is, and how morally sensitive people are educated and informed about the real nature of justice and morality [3]. Our understanding of justice is more profound if we insist that what really matters is not merely the observance of external demands — normative and conventional moral rules — but the character of the truly just person [4]. Justice and goodness, based upon judgement as the virtue of a decent life, are seen as congruent in the context of a well ordered society. Plato's fundamental claim, in the Republic, is that justice is so great a good that anyone who completely embraces it is thereby better off, even in the face of the... ...4-225 [19] Rep. VI 573d & ibid., p.221-222) [20] ibid., p.327 [21] Nagel, 1986, pp. 195-196 [22] Rep VII, 540a-b [23] Rep. V, 46le-462e [24] Rep. IV, 419a-421c & Rep. VIII, 519d-521b [25] Annas, 1981, pp. 321-334 & White, 1979, pp.43-54 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BIBLIOGRAPHY Annas, Julia An Introduction to Plato's Republic Oxford 1981; Chapter 3, pp. 59-71; Chapter 6 pp. 53-169; Chapter 13, pp. 331-334 Irwin, Terence Plato's Ethics Oxford 1995; Chapter 12, pp. 181-202 Kraut, Richard (Ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Plato Cambridge 1992; Chapter 10, pp. 311-337 Nagel, Thomas The View from Nowhere Oxford 1986; Chapter X, pp. 189-207 Waterfield, Robin (Tr.) Plato's Republic Oxford 1993 White, Nicholas A Companion to Plato's Republic Indianapolis 1979 Justice and Morality in Plato's Republic Essay examples -- justice as Introduction This essay discusses and clarifies a concept that is central to Plato's argument in the Republic — an argument in favour of the transcendent value of justice as a human good; that justice informs and guides moral conduct. Plato's argument implies that justice and morality are intimately interconnected, because the excellence and goodness of human life — the best way for a person to live — is intimately dependent upon and closely interwoven with those 'things that we find desirable in themselves and for their consequences [1]. Hence, we acknowledge that Plato Is moral thesis cannot be interpreted either as a deontological or as a consequentialist argument — or as an act centred or agent centred moral concept. Plato's thesis is informative, in philosophical terms, precisely because it enables us to find new and more fruitful ways of looking at those basic questions concerning justice and morality, and the manner in which they are interrelated [2]. In the Republic Plato endeavours to answer complex questions about justice by introducing a unique account of what justice actually is, and how morally sensitive people are educated and informed about the real nature of justice and morality [3]. Our understanding of justice is more profound if we insist that what really matters is not merely the observance of external demands — normative and conventional moral rules — but the character of the truly just person [4]. Justice and goodness, based upon judgement as the virtue of a decent life, are seen as congruent in the context of a well ordered society. Plato's fundamental claim, in the Republic, is that justice is so great a good that anyone who completely embraces it is thereby better off, even in the face of the... ...4-225 [19] Rep. VI 573d & ibid., p.221-222) [20] ibid., p.327 [21] Nagel, 1986, pp. 195-196 [22] Rep VII, 540a-b [23] Rep. V, 46le-462e [24] Rep. IV, 419a-421c & Rep. VIII, 519d-521b [25] Annas, 1981, pp. 321-334 & White, 1979, pp.43-54 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BIBLIOGRAPHY Annas, Julia An Introduction to Plato's Republic Oxford 1981; Chapter 3, pp. 59-71; Chapter 6 pp. 53-169; Chapter 13, pp. 331-334 Irwin, Terence Plato's Ethics Oxford 1995; Chapter 12, pp. 181-202 Kraut, Richard (Ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Plato Cambridge 1992; Chapter 10, pp. 311-337 Nagel, Thomas The View from Nowhere Oxford 1986; Chapter X, pp. 189-207 Waterfield, Robin (Tr.) Plato's Republic Oxford 1993 White, Nicholas A Companion to Plato's Republic Indianapolis 1979

Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness” Essay

When Marlow talks of London being a dark place, the theme of civilization versus savagery comes into play. Marlow’s aunt believes he is an emissary of light, being sent into the darkness. Marlow sees this darkness through the placing of heads on poles, for a man named Kurtz. All of this makes Marlow change his inner feelings of himself, which relates to the theme of the journey of the inner self. Marlow talks of when the Romans first came to Britain, and how they had actually brought some light into the somberness of London, and how one day that light may disappear. This relates to the theme of dark and light. As Marlow tells of his voyage deeper into the unknown, his capacity for self-control is tested. Kurtz seems to inhabit his every thought. While this is happening, the theme of a journey into the inner self is seen again. There are certain patterns in â€Å"Heart of Darkness†; one of these is the theme of â€Å"threes†. There are three chapters, three women, three times Marlow breaks the story, three stations, three central characters and three views of Africa. Marlow indirectly suggests by referring to the Roman conquest, that the theme of colonialism has existed since the earliest times of human history. Colonialism is seen as one of the major themes in the book. When Marlow talks of London once being a dark place, the theme of civilization versus savagery comes into play. The book implies that civilizations are created by the setting of laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards. London itself is seen as a symbol of enlightenment. We see this through Marlow and how he tells his crew that the Romans had brought a light into the darkness of Britain. Marlow and Kurtz are two antithetical examples of humanity. Kurtz represents what every man will become if left to his own desires, without a  protective, civilized society. Marlow represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by his â€Å"heart of darkness†. The book implies that every man has a â€Å"heart of darkness† that is usually drowned out by the light of civilization. However, when a man is removed from a civilized environment, the basic instinct of savagery must be unleashed. Savagery is linked to darkness, and in most parts of the book, we see Marlow  as the light in this darkness. Marlow’s aunt believes he is an emissary of light, being sent into the darkness. Marlow sees the darkness through the placing of heads on poles, for a man named Kurtz. All of this makes Marlow change his inner feelings about himself, which relates to the theme of the journey of the inner self. Through Marlow, the book creates a voyage of self-discovery. All of Marlow’s experiences point to a change him. The thoughts about the people he meets, and their behavior, slowly begins to change. Marlow’s trip from Europe to the outer, then central station tests his capacity to discriminate between good and evil, since he witnesses actions which directly ask him for a moral judgment, such as brutal beating of the native worker. Marlow’s detailed account of what he sees, shows his compassion. Conrad suggests that those who are unable of controlling their unconscious side, run the risk of losing control the their heart of darkness. Marlow talks of when the Romans first came to Britain, and how they brought light into the somberness of London. He also tells them that one day that light may disappear. This relates to the theme of dark and light. In â€Å"Heart of Darkness†, there is an obvious contrast between what is light and what is dark. Light seems to represent civilization, or the civilized side of humanity whilst dark represents the uncivilized or savage side of humanity. In this book, dark and light or black and white, have the same usual connotations of good and evil. According to Christianity, in  the beginning, everything was dark. The same thing applies to London before the Romans came. At the same time, Africa was considered â€Å"dark†, as most of it had not yet been discovered. However, as Marlow’s journey progresses, it appears that dark and light are used counter intuitively. Darkness refers to truth and light refers to falsehood. In Marlow’s interview with the Intended, the windows of the room, which are normally a source of light, are covered and let in little to no light at all, as in a mortuary. The â€Å"cold and monumental whiteness† of the fireplace adds to the deathlike atmosphere. This shows that Conrad had used dark and light inversely. We could assume that the dark could represent the unknown. As Marlow talks of his voyage deeper into this unknown, his capacity for self-control is tested. Kurtz seems to inhabit his every thought. While this is happening, the theme of a journey into the self and the unconsciousness is seen again. Marlow’s story clearly implies that the kind of world men make for themselves, and for others, results from the character of individual behavior. Kurtz appears to be stuck inside Marlow’s head. Every thought is focused in this man he has never met. Kurtz wins control of men through fear. His power over the natives almost destroys Marlow. Kurtz is actually a victim of the manager’s murderous cruelty. It is possible that Kurtz might never have revealed his evil nature, had he not been tortured by the manager. Marlow struggles with himself, the person he thought he was turns out to be a nobody. Marlow sees the â€Å"real† person he is, and fears himself. After seeing the Kurtz, Marlow realizes how much like Kurtz he has become and regains control from his heart of darkness. There are patterns noticeable in this book. One of these is the theme of â€Å"threes†. There are three chapters, three times Marlow breaks the story, three stations, three women, three central characters and three views of Africa. The three stations are the inner station, the central station  and the outer station. These are symbolic of the stages in Marlow’s journey of self-discovery. The inner station is the first station he goes to. Here, he sees how the natives are treated, and gets a glimpse of the things he may have to face in his future travels. He reaches the central station, and discovers that Kurtz may not be the man he first heard of. He was told that Kurtz was this wonderful man, who had plenty of power. Now, Marlow is beginning to see in his mind, someone that has followed his own ideas, and doesn’t care about anyone else. He struggles within himself to see if he is like this man. At first, he dismisses the idea that he could ever be that  kind of person, but soon after, he changes his opinion. The outer station is where Kurtz is finally reached. Conrad also uses imperialism as a major theme in the book. Marlow indirectly suggests by referring to the Roman conquest over Britain, that the theme of imperialism has existed since early human history. As Marlow tells his story, a different narrator, who is also a member on the ship they are traveling on, sees the Roman invaders to be like the English conquerors. He expresses that they were both â€Å"hunters for gold and pursuers of fame†. He does not understand that without the Roman invasion, Britain may have remained a dark country. Through Marlow’s tale of truth, pain, anxiety and the quest for complete knowledge, the major themes are revealed. Colonialism, the journey of the inner-self, the theme of â€Å"threes†, dark and light and civilization versus savagery. All of these themes lead to the understanding that Marlow’s voyage into the deepness of the Congo, is symbolic of the journey he had to take into the deepest side of himself. He successfully battled with his savage side, and came out a changed man. It just shows that no matter hoe perfect something seems to be, there is always a heart of darkness deep within somewhere.

Attitudes and Smoking Behaviour

Attitudes and Smoking Behaviour While the result of research is important, one of the critical aspects of the research is how one comes to these results. Without the proper survey to measure data, the research itself has no construct validity and is useless. Thus, it is important to ensure you have a survey designed to measure the proper variable before you make a conclusion concerning the data collected.By addressing the topic of attitudes and situational factors that correlate with smoking behaviour, we have an opportunity to develop a new scale to measure attitudes. Specifically, we can use this new scale to compare beliefs of smokers to non-smokers and determine if there is any correlation between individual smoking and smoking behaviour of one's peers.The body of past research suggests that smoking behaviour correlates strongly with peer smoking. In a study conducted by Simons-Morton (2002), two surveys were distributed among middle-school students, one at the beginning of the school year and one at the end.Be lle of the BallWhile the aim of the research was to determine if parental influence or adolescent adjustment predicted future behaviour, the study also found that, among other factors, peer smoking behaviour positively correlates with the individual smoking behaviour. A second longitudinal study done by Maxwell (2002) also compared the influence of peers in initiating risk behaviours that included smoking. Results from this also suggest that smoking peers increase initiation of smoking behaviour in non-smokers and non-smokers with peers who smoked were almost twice as likely to initiate smoking as compared to non-smokers with non-smoker peers. They also found that individuals with non-smoking peers were just as likely to terminate smoking behaviour, suggesting that acceptance of behaviour by peers is more important than the activity itself.A final study conducted by Levitt and Edwards (1970) administered a single survey and analysed the...

History of Law

History of Law Various definitions have been assigned to the vast concept that is law. To some people, law is an unqualified human good without which the society would be in disarray.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To others, law is a sham and is used as an ideological tool to serve elites. Perhaps both of these approaches are valid depending on the perspective that we take. Nevertheless, there must be one approach of the two that is weightier based on the history of law than the other. This discussion seeks to find which of the two makes more sense based on real historical evidence. Law being vast in nature may not have a single definition. However, we may agree that the concept of law was first established with the main aim of bringing order to society by defining what is considered wrong and right based on societal norms. Thompson who has been referred as the father of the history pioneered an argument that law is an unqualified human good arguing that the society would not know any good without law. This argument which first put across a couple of decades back has been the subject of discussion among many scholars. Thompson was historian who fought against oppression of a class people which was considered inferior. The working class during the 18th century was such an oppressed lot and this was because the laws in existence then seemed to favour those who were aristocrats of the society. Although Thompson at first appeared as though he was lodging a criticism for legal parameters, he did make his stand on several occasions arguing that the law protected the society from the government which was likely to use the same laws to manipulate the people. He argued that the laws have ensured that the public has rights which if violated by the government could provide a redress to the people. The government is limited in its actions since the law empowers the people and therefore the government has to be extremely cautious in its actions.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the law has been viewed as a sham and an ideological tool that serves only the elites in the society. This approach is equally true and especially in countries where the leaders are dictatorial and authoritarian. A case in point is Indonesia where leaders have come up with stringent laws and policies with the aim of exercising unmitigated, uncontrolled and unquestionable powers on the people. The Middle East is yet another example where leaders have used the rule of law as their tool to remain in power while ruling people in a controlling manner to the detriment of the society. The uprising that has been witnessed in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and now Syria is a reaction to leaders who have used the rule of law for their own personal gain and at the expense of the majority of the people in the society. It is only governments that use the law as a tool of controlling their own population to the advantage of the leaders but also international organisations have also used the law to manipulate individual countries. For instance, third world countries may be in need of donor funding from western countries. The western may impose some policies which the recipient of the funds must comply with even if they are deprived of some of their rights. Failure to comply will lead to the withdrawal of the much needed funding for development in third world countries. Looking at the two approaches, the approach by Thompson that the law is an unqualified human good seems to carry more weight. This is because everybody is under the law. The requirement is that every person; the society and the government, the leaders and individuals must obey and adhere to the laid down rules. Usually, whenever the government appears to use the laws to manipulate the publ ic, it is normally a violation of the same laws. Therefore, if every institution in the society including the government was to be disciplined, then the ultimate goals of ensuring that the law is unqualified human good would stand unshaken. Strengthening the judiciary which is expected to keep both the society and the government in check and ensures that no violation of the laid down rules goes unpunished should be the ultimate goal of every society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the same courts under which the judiciary falls have some laid down rules which govern their operations, to a great extent, these courts and the judges who preside the courts have inherent power known as discretion to depart from some of the already laid down rules and arrive at a different decision to ensure that the justice is manifested. Law is indeed a tool that every society needs to maintain order, sanity and consistency. Without law, people would not know what is right or wrong and would therefore do as they wish wished. This would see a society in chaos and disarray and this would hamper greatly the process of development

Intellectual Autobiography Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intellectual Autobiography - Personal Statement Example Graduate education, in particular, has great implication in the achievement of my goals in life as it is at this crucial stage that individuals make decisive steps toward the ultimate progress in life. I have realized the significance of graduate education in the extension of my current knowledge, achievement new skills, and in the enhancement of my undergraduate education. It is also a vital point which definitely directs my career and achievement. That is to say, graduate education is deeply connected to my educational goals and aspirations of life. Graduate education provides extensive opportunity for the fulfillment of my research interests and develops my educational interests through various satisfying works and accomplishments. For example, the influence of the methods of teaching on student achievement has been an area of study which called my interest for long and there is ample opportunity in the course for a comprehensive research on the topic. The role of graduate educati on in preparing me to become a better teacher is immense and it can help me advance towards the ultimate goals of my life. Therefore, I have decided to join graduate school which is essential in the achievement my career as well as life goals. The graduate education is fundamental in

The Marketplace of The American Revolution Essay

The Marketplace of The American Revolution - Essay Example Thus, to be able to understand the nature of the American Revolution, one has to delve deeper into the actual effects of the revolution, rather than merely concentrating on the manner in which it occurred. This is because; a radical revolution is bound to cause far-reaching social, political, economic and governance changes. It is the levels of change that were registered in these contexts that would quality to term the American Revolution as either radical or otherwise1. To create full understanding of the nature of the revolution, one also needs to delve into the pre-existing conditions and ideologies at the time, and how such conditions compare with the period after the revolution. In so doing, an individual is able to trace the changes that occurred in various aspects, and thus manage to clearly understand the nature of the revolution that occurred, as either radical or otherwise2. Considering the words of Breen, in his book; Marketplace of Revolution, where he observes that â₠¬Å"customary markets had suddenly become dangerously politicized2†, there is no doubt therefore, that the American Revolution was radical. Therefore, this discussion argues that the American Revolution was radical. The revolution was a function of both the colonists and the indigenous Americans, who perceived the rule of Britain as oppressive and demeaning. The dissatisfaction started with the acts of the British government to demand taxes from the Americans, both the indigenous and colonists, which prompted them to perceive the action as an aspect of economic oppression, and thus started to rebel against the payment of such taxes3. The rebellion did not just occur silently, but involved the active mobilization of people to resist the call to pay up such taxes. The active resistance was done without the fear of dangerous repercussions that the colonists could face. They engaged in active resistance, where â€Å"they challenged traditional authority and risked their lives†2. The economic conditions that the British government had established did not favor the colonists, since they could not reap good rewards from the labor that they were applying in their farms. The introduction of economic conditions such as the stamp tax had completely changed the relationship between the Great Britain and the American colonies, prompting a high resistance from the American colonists. In fact, â€Å"No one had planned such a dramatic shift in political perspective†3. The produce of their farms were bought at lower prices, which did not grant them any satisfaction. It is against this background that the colonists engaged in active resistance of the rules and the economic terms that were established by the British government, since, â€Å"white Americans believed that they had in some measures, been wronged by economic practices that paid them less than they thought they deserved for their labor or crops†4. Therefore, the ordinary American colonists p articipated in the revolution through resisting the traditional authorities and the economic terms such as salaries for their labor, and prices for their farm products, which were established by the British government in the colonies. However, it is not all of the American colonists that supported the revolution. There were some â€Å"Loyalists-those who retained their allegiance to the crown†, who perceived the revolution and its aftermath as a loss of liberty6. However, many of such loyalists

Risk Management Policy (NHS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Management Policy (NHS) - Essay Example This industry is susceptible to many types of risk. For example three percent of America’s $1.7 trillion annual healthcare expenditure is lost due to fraud and over charging (Lexisnexis, 2007). This paper analyzes the risk management policy of a company in the healthcare industry called NHS Greater Glasgow. The focus of the analysis is on the impact of the risk management policy on the managerial team and regular staff of employees. Risk management is taken very seriously at NHS Greater Glasgow. For this company the risk management function is an effort that is accomplished by the cooperation of all the employees working for the firm. The current risk management policy in place in this company was establish in 2005 after the policy underwent a rigorous evaluation process that obtain input from a lot of decision makers in this enterprise working in different division of the company dispersed across the entire country. The application of the policy involves both the regular staff and the managerial staff. The workers in this company were trained in the risk management policy of the company. The function of the non-managerial staff is to actively report incidents and accidents of occurrences, near misses and to make recommendations on how to improve the internal system of the unit they work for. The company has a corporate culture that encourages participation from all employees and any feedback from any member of the organization is analyzed to make continuous improvement of the system. The functions of the managerial staff regarding the application of its risk management policy are: managing risk, performance monitoring, gathering accurate risk information, incorporating effective communication systems and promoting continuous improvements. At the executive managerial level the staff keeps close relationships with its partners and uses a philosophy of mutual cooperation in order to

Exploring the geological history Essay Example for Free

Exploring the geological history Essay Firstly we will explore the importance of the site of the town. Because St. Aubins has a town on the sea, it grew up on sites close to a natural harbour, which afforded shelter to the vessels that carried the seaborne trade, upon which the existence of the town depended. St. Aubin is a town of this last class; a glance at a map of Jersey will show that it and Gorey are the only accessible natural harbours which are completely sheltered from the strong westerly winds. St. Aubins is sheltered from the sea on all sides except from the South-East to South. It is widely believed that St. Aubins was once the capital of Jersey; but this can not be true because from the earliest times the Royal Court and the States have met in St. Helier. Also St. Aubin had no church until the 18th Century, and it would be very weird if the capital was left churchless.  Small vessels of the time, securely mooredcould lie safely in all weathers. The want of depth of water, so detrimental to our town in these days, mattered then, when vessels where very small, and when men where not in such a hurry as they are now, and did not mind waiting patiently for a high tide. This naturally sheltered harbour must have been a resort for fisherman from the earliest time when our island was cut off from the continent. There can be no doubt that St. Aubins is the best natural port in the Island.  The salt and dried cod they brought home found a market in the Roman Catholic countries, where there was an especially large demand during Lent. The ships that carried the fish to these countries brought back cargoes of foreign produce, which in turn was distributed in Northern Europe in exchange for timber for ship-building, hemp for cordage, canvas for sales, pitch and other goods. So a lucrative trade grew up, and the town increased in wealth and importance. St. Helier too, though it had little trade or shiping, seems to have been slightly more populous than St. Aubins, even in its great days.  The two towns in fact lived on quite dissimilar lines, the townsmen of St. Helier lived upon the Court, with its lawyers and functionaries, and upon the country people who came into market and to do there business, while the inhabitants of St. Aubins lived upon there overseas trade, and especially upon the Newfoundland fishery. After this time the state of St. Aubin increased slowly but steadily for about one hundred years. Then the ship owners found it very profitable on account of the long wars with France, to fit out and arm vessels as privateers, and the profits earned where so high that this kind of trade grew rapidly until St. Aubins became the chief privateering port in the kingdom. The privateers were fast vessels, heavily armed with guns, and manned with large crews, needed both to work the ships and guns. The captains each carried a Royal Commission called a letter of marque authorising the capture of the ships and goods of the French. The letter of marque was an important document, as it was all that stood between the whole crew hanged as pirates if taken by an enemy man-of-war. No wages were paid to any of the hands but each received his share of the prizes taken.  In the early years of the last century, St. Aubins reached its high point of importance, but then began to fall off owing to the competition of the new port of St. Helier, which was rapidly increasing its harbour accommodation. Of the two largest St. Aubins merchants, the house of Robin moved to St. Helier, while the Janvrins ceased business. This was a serious blow to St. Aubins, so that by about 1850 its shipping had dwindled to small figures, while St. Heliers had increased until it was the sixth port of the whole British Empire. The peace after the Battle of Waterloo helped this result, as privateers became useless and the large St. Aubins capital sunk in them was so great extent lost.  An attempt to make this port for granite export failed, though for a time, the export of gravel brought many ships back to the port. The coming of the railway was a great event. A company formed in 1846 accomplished nothing. A new company in 1861 met with many difficulties; but at last the track was laid. In 1870, the first train was greeted with salvo cannon, and the dean read an eloquent prayer. Two hundred guests lunched in a marquee in the Noirmont grounds. And trains ran continually to bring the while Island to the fete and the fireworks. In 1899, this line was extended to Corbiere. But the advent of the motor bus eventually killed the trains, and in1935 they ceased running. Later, the four-mile track from St. Aubin to La Corbiere was transformed into one of the pleasantest walks on the Island. The Germans relayed the line when making their fortifications; but they have now been removed. The Chief legacy the Germans left to St. Aubin is the immense tunnel which they blasted into the side of the hill to hold their reserve ammunition.  On the 20th October 1941 Hitler declared that the Channel Islands would become an impregnable fortress. Thousands of foreign workers, mostly Spanish, French, Polish and Russian were being poured into the Island to assist in the building of bunkers, gun emplacements, tunnels and sea walls. They needed sand, granite chippings, cement, water and, of course, reinforcing metal. Transport of the first two presented a considerable problem and was largely responsible for the building of the railways. The metre gauge line from St. Helier to St. Aubin and Corbiere can be said to have started opposite commercial buildings, within a stones throw of the former J.R. T Weighbridge terminus. From West Park to St. Aubins tunnel, the roadbed of the former J.R. T was more or less followed. The line was single throughout except for an occasional crossing loop. A blast wall had already been built at the eastern end of the old J.R. T tunnel at St. Aubin as a protection from the extensive galleries which were being excavated. The bore of the tunnel itself had been greatly increased and the galleries driven through solid rock, the area being second only to that of the much better known underground hospital, to which rather surprisingly no connecting railway was laid.