Power and Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Power and Responsibility EssayIn an altruistic sense, the burden of responsibility lies in the person devising a decision for the a group of people as a whole and the consequences of such decisions or actions is solely limited to the person who made it. so far though a decision has been made in general to serve the people, the consequences still has to be faced. This does not change with an individualistic point of view wherein a profession that requires high standards in order to perform well needs a greater sense of responsibility for choice. A news writer or reporter who reports unverifiable or fallacious facts can easily retract statements in order to suit journalism rules. But when a doctor makes a mistake, people die. There is no difference with regards to the degree of responsibility a person since all professions must possess a deeper sense of responsibility. In the consideration of utilitarianism however, the concept is aimed for the welfare of persons as a whole in a chieving a desired end.Applied in an individualistic view, responsibility lies with choice and a deeper soul or personal morals and boilersuit ethics. Utilitarian views are also consistent with consequentialism wherein an action may be considered morally right if it contributes more on a favorable consequence rather than a bad one. In this sense, moral values are then based on a advanced purpose or outcome. Thus the responsibility of an individual relies on the outcome itself and it may only be considered as morally correct when it serves the purpose of the greater good.Although journalism and health are professions that has corresponding moral and ethical systems, utilitarian views present a morally favorable principle wherein actions are guided by the responsibility of doing a good job not only to avoid moral and ethical problems but also in achieving a contribution to the overall utility or good and a drive in achieving excellence.References(n. d. ). Ethics (Internet Encycloped ia of Philosophy). Retrieved July 31, 2008, from http//www. iep. utm. edu/e/ethics. htmSH2b.

E Servicescapes On Hotel Website Information Technology Essay

E Servicescapes On Hotel Website Information Technology EssayLast chapter, the telescope search has been mention and present. This study is focus on testing the e-serviscapes dimension on a hotel clearsite. Few studies on e- runscapes wee been noticed in exertion and brass section. One of the example is E- runcapes of BB website . The reserch has attempted to examine the dimension of e-servicescapes as antecedents of perceived e-servicescape tincture of BB website . Jeon Jeong (2009) ar likewise attempt to mea undisputable e-servicescapes qualities of BB website and investigates dimensions of the e-servicescapes most influence node decision making. Regarding to the research above, this study is testing the e-servicescapes dimension on the invention of using hotel website by applying the historical research conceptual framework. The purpose of this literature polish up is to identify the related issues within the e-servicesapes on a hotel website. In modulate to gain a cle atomic number 18r and better understanding, it is definitely to explore the related literature regarding the e-servicesape. future(a) that, the key aspects of this review is to measure the dependent variable which is the intention of internet browser to browse hotel website. The literature review is foc implementd on the theoretical commentary and empirical studies in regards to the areas. Servicescapes has used in the development of e-servicescapes framework. In this chapter, related theory and variables willing be further ex subject areaed.2.2 ServicescapesFor your information, servicescape is known as the physical surroundings of an organization in several different elements much(prenominal) as overall layout, design and dcor . Bitner (1992) define servicescapes as a service packages by categorise it in three environmental dimensions, which are ambient conditions, space or function, and sign, symbols, and artifacts. First of all, ambient conditions are sensory elements which consist of temperature, air reference, noise, music, light, smell, color and so on . Next, space or function are refers to layout equipment, furnishings and others items arrangement and functionality . Sign, symbol and artifact are means to be signage, personal artifacts, style of decoration and so on . These environmental dimensions or we shall say physical elements will give impact on guests and employees. Hence leads to internal responses in cognitive, emotional, and physiological . Due to the impacts minded(p) by environmental dimensions, customers and employees sort will be influence in order to approach or avoid certain reaping or service . Typology of service organizations based on variations in form and usage of the servicescape are able to categorize in three types, egotism service, interpersonal services, and remote services .Hotel is one of interpersonal services which include both customer and employee. As the standards of lifestyle increasing, applying serv icescapes in hotel services is important. Hotel as a service organization who maturation with servicescape, it is actually enhance customer satisfaction and increase in repeat business . According to Kandampully Suhartanoto (2000) research, companys image contributes value addition and increases the customer satisfaction towards the produce and service provided by the company. Customer satisfaction and company image are positively related to customer loyalty . A positive perceived in cognition, emotion, and physiological will leads to positive approach behavior . Hence, an intention for customer to continuously utilize service and product of hotel will occur.2.3 E-servicescapes on hotel websiteNowadays, online retailing is steadily growth. Company or organization are adopting information technology to run business online as e-merchant . Base on the Jeon Jeong (2009) study research, a framework had been construct in previous study on servicescapes and customer relationships in service organization in physical setting and on the website environment . Figure 1 depicts is the framework for environmental dimensions affecting perceived e-servicescapesAdapted from Jeon Jeong (2009)Figure 1 A framework for environmental dimensions affecting perceived e-servicescapesThe framework shows that the four environmental dimensions of e-servicescapes are ambient conditions, design aspects, search aids slogans and functional aspects. In the context of e-servicescapes, these four dimensions will provide customers with communication cues . Perceived e-servicescapes quality and intention to use a BB website were affected by the environmental dimensions of e-servicescapes .The major vary between serviscapes and e-serviscapes is the physical and non-physical elements. Unlike servicescapes, e-servicescapes have no physical elements in internet service environment . Dimensions between servicescapes and e-servicescapes might are similar in damage of definition, but is differen t in some characteristic in terms of environment . There were no physically interaction between customer and employees when service provided . In this modern area, service or sales that involve online or go through by website, the e-servicescapes may be the key grammatical constituent in playing a role of representing company or organization to customers . By using internet, information provided from website is giving intangible benefits of interaction with websites . Internet also allow customer to have more choices in terms of service and product and giving opportunity to customer to compare price and features of relevant product and service through vary website .In order to survive in agonistic environment, hotel companies are more and more adopt on having an electronic distribution partner which know as online travel agencies . According to Sullivan (2005) report analysis, internet users are increasingly using search engine to get information. Besides that, demand towards usa ge of search engine from different websites are increase as well . No matters from organization perspective or consumer perspective, developing a hotel website has become a trend or a must in order to optimize organization revenue and fulfill customer demands .2.4 Independent Variables2.4.1 Ambient conditionsUnder servicescapes framework, ambient condition is one of the environmental dimension, it also known as one of the factor that affect human perception and respond towards environment . According to Bitner (1992), human five senses are mostly affected by ambient conditions which include background signal characteristic such as room temperature, lighting, noise, music, and scent. Sensory stimulation are greatly influence environments, enhance customer experience and change the nature behavior beyond human conscious . In e-servicescapes, ambient conditions influence customer perception by the website service environment . Background characteristic of website such as color, qualit y photos, virtual tour, music and animation effects are affecting people perceived towards the website .One of the characteristic of ambient conditions, music has be well-tried in research study on the role of cognition and emotions in the music approach and avoidance behavior relationship . It is found that the service quality of the organization is rated according to the preference of music . Organization which is often playing customer preferable music are offer with higher rating . Hence, a suitable music applies on hotel website might leads to intention to use the website. Rather than that, customers also use to perceive certain subject base on demeanor . Website design are important in acting as website appearance . The clarity and readability of text and size of fonts use to be important for trance visual presentation on website . A relevant research has shown that customer perceived company or personnel base on appearance . This extend shows that people are use to have a lousy perception with not appropriate appearance . By applying the result in H.Dean (2010) study, it is obvious that quality photo and colors are playing an important role in hotel website to represent hotel image as well for the first good impression to have customers intention for further browse hotel website.Animation or virtual tour is effective in presenting information towards people . Byrne et al. (1999) state that use of picture and animations are commonly accepted. Animations appears better in presenting information . A research on dyslexia people on educating with animation has shoes that animation did a better play in presenting information . All the research above has one common which is the animation, high quality picture and website design are effective in presenting information. In short, all the background characteristic of ambient conditions is important in create intention of user to use hotel website.2.4.2 Design AspectService environment are purposeful environm ents because it fulfill consumer needs through employee actions . Base on what have study by Bitner (1992), spatial layout are refers to the arrangement, size and shape of item such as machinery, equipment and furnishings. Functionality are the ability of the item to perform and accomplish goal . Design aspect of website is view as overall structure of the ages, layout, space and the navigational functions . Poorly design website are not able to hold customer intention to surf on it . It had been claims that website design is directly influence in go a web browser to customer . Web users attention is hardly to get to hold on a web foliate in longer time. In order to grab web users attention for longer period, it is suggested that home page should be relatively simple, clean and clear content, and hit to the point since users are not sure whether they are at the right website to obtain the information they wanted .Information overload in one page will lead to delay in viewing a home page and leads to dissatisfaction of web users . However, too little information or too simple in a web page might not able to include important content of the website . Therefore, website designer feels that it is important to be balance in website layout distribution and have to be self content in over all structure . Sum, design aspect of website in terms of layout and space usage is important in holding web users attention.2.4.3 Search aids and SlogansAccording to Bitner (1992) research, sign, symbols, and artifacts are serving as explicit and implicit signal to channel with users. They can also as labels for directional purposes and to communicate with the rule of behavior . Signage helps in playing an important part in communicating firm image to customer . For example, a well known hotel are usually been recognize by the customer with company logo or symbol. Under servicescapes perspective, these symbol and artifacts can be use to create awareness in customer mind . In onli ne perspective, some of the features of Bitner (1992) are useful in creating awareness in company website, such as company logo and slogans. Geissler (2001) research is supporting Bitner (1992) that symbol and logo of the company manage to create customer awareness.However, due to the absence of physical environment in e-servicescape, keywords or slogan use in search aids are replace the function of signage to help customer to locate hotel website . In search engine, meta-tag are been use to help in locate website by using pop up technique . Meta-tag are useful when come to indexing, search engines use meta-tag to locate information . A past research evaluated the effectiveness of meta-tag on the improvement of data retrieval on the World Wide Web and the results shows that the keyword meta-tag did improve information retrieval . Meta-tag are also have improved the rank of the selected articles among retrieved results of information . Base on Geissler (2001) research study, it is be lieved that using keywords in search aids is speeding up customer in locate relevant website. Besides using keywords, catchy phrases will draw internet browsers attention on websites as well rather than using plain text . Keywords are use to locate website easily by using search engines and meta-tag. Therefore, search aids and slogan are important in hotel website in the purpose of explored itself widely in the internet for being easily located by customer. Awareness created by implementing search aids and slogan dimension will be able to grab customer intention in using website.2.4.4 Functional DimensionThe functional aspect of a website will affect customer perception towards website and intention on browsing it . Website is been recognize as a convenient, low cost and easy accessible by every medium . approachability2.3.1 Intention to use website

Developing Sustainability Indicators Monitoring For Enterprise Business Essay

Developing Sustainability Indicators Monitoring For Enterprise Business EssayThe term substantiateability refers to the benevolent desire for an environment that would reap current and future benefits. Sustainability is not an absolute, indep breakent of human conceptual frameworks. Rather it is always hardening in the context of decisions just ab divulge what type of system is to be sustained and each over what patio-temporal scale.(Allen and Hoekstra 1994)Monitoring process is an emergent and a major management response to the existing challenges in sustainability. It helps in understanding the sustainability systems and its values. Monitoring systems generally focuses on growth the unhomogeneous suitable tools that would help in gauging the relatedness of the sustainability practices. Basically, these supervise systems reveal the trends and patterns of a sustainable system by constructing a good understanding of those systems. Comparison of future desired conditions with the current state of systems send packing be established. The changes in the entire system dirty dog be easily detected and can be used as an earlier warning against change. The growth and progress of the sustainable system in an enterprise can be effectively noted.Indicators can provide crucial guidance for decision-making in a variety of ways. They can translate physical and social science cognition into manageable units of information that can facilitate the decision-making process. They can help to measure and calibrate progress towards sustainable development goals. They can provide an early warning, look the alarm in time to prevent frugal, social and environmental damage. They are as well as important tools to communicate ideas, thoughts and values because as unrivalled authority said, we measure what we value, and value what we measure.Indicators of sustainability are different from traditional exponents of scotch, social, and environmental progress. Traditional po wers much(prenominal) as stockholder profits, asthma rates, and urine quality measure changes in one part of a community as if they were entirely independent of the other parts. Sustainability forefingers reflect the reality that the three different segments are really tightly interconnected, as shown in the figure belowSegmentation of sustainable indicatorsAs this figure illustrates, the natural resource base provides the materials for exertion on which jobs and stockholder profits depend. Jobs claim the poverty rate and the poverty rate is related to crime. Air quality, water quality and materials used for yield require an effect on health. They may in amplification have an effect on stockholder profits if a process requires clean water as an input, cleaning up poor quality water prior to processing is an extra expense, which reduces profits. Likewise, health problems, whether overdue to general air quality problems or exposure to toxic materials, have an effect on his trion productivity and contribute to the rising costs of health insurance.DESCRIPTION OF ENTERPRISESony Ericssonis a joint venture established on October 1, 2001by the Japanese consumer electronics comp allSony dealand the Swedish telecommunications comp whateverEricssonto make busy phones. The stated reason for this venture is to combine Sonys consumer electronics expertise with Ericssons technological leadership in the communications sector. Both companies have stopped making their own mobile phones.Sony Ericsson has strived to brinytain the spicyest standards in our approach to sustainability. Sustainable development and production is considered to be important challenges for the future by Ericsson which demands an prompt action from responsible manufacturers. Sony Ericsson have put into effect a life- regular recurrence approach to product development .Sony Ericsson mobile communications is a world(a) supplier of high graphic and multimedia cell phones with various features along with accessories and pc cards.The products offer a combination of goodly technology with creative applications for mobile such as music, style, imaging, communications and entertainment. The net result is that Sony Ericsson is an enticing brand which opens up new avenues for growth in business for mobile operators and along with offering desirable, fun products to end users. In the nine years period, Sony Ericsson has been operating and it has of importtained a rigorous approach to ensuring that it maintains the same standards across all kitchen ranges.For Sony Ericsson, the approach to sustainability is based on the pursuit principlesTo safeguard the future profits in environmental friendly related issues.Improving the living and working conditions of all those who are involved in production of products.Not to make a negativeimpact on the consumers.To improve the impact of our products and activities on the environment.Sony Ericsson have focused on low readiness intake chargers.Sony Ericsson give introduce chargers and phones with this interface well ahead of the desired manufacturing timeline. Our portfolio of chargers is already one of the best in the effort in terms of might and energy inhalation. The handset was built with fully sustainable materials, the optional charger had minimal no-load power and the concept offered reduced packaging with the elimination of paper manuals. In 2008, Sony Ericsson observers were introduced. The global take back scheme and the green heart project bring us closer to our vision of being a leader in sustainability in the mobile phone industry. Constant improvising is being made by them so as to improve the working conditions and environment.Sony Ericsson set aggressive, absolute targetsReduce the bring greenhouse gas emissions from the full life cycle by 15% till 2015 (based on 2008 year levels)Reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions from So internal activities by 20% till 2015(based on 2008 year levels )Sony Ericson has continues dialogue with the parent companies on the subject of building more sustainable business.Listing defense Of Indicators Relevant To The EnterpriseECONOMIC INDICATORSThe economic indicator refers to the system of production and use (including finance) and refers to the market based and to the unpaid economy.Economic prosperity is a real important element of sustainable development it allows to combat poverty, to finance remediation of old burdens, to make changes in our development economic policy and market mechanisms must(prenominal) be applied in support of sustainable development, and not against it. Without denying the importance of tools such as legislation, public awareness etc., and the economy is a very powerful tool for sustainable development. hired in the rightly way, it provides efficient incentives to make choices for sustainable development.These incentives need to be on all levels of society, they must work in favour of sustainable dev elopment byMaking sustainable investments both in the public and private sectors profitable,Channelling research into knowledge and solutions for sustainable developmentInfluencing consumption decision on all levels.Tele communication industry is very important for sustainable development as it generates employment wealth as well as it also provides economic benefits to the society. This all attribute raises concerns at both little- and macro levels.The economic indicators and objective for the each specific indicator is mentioned belowTable.1ObjectiveIndicators equal supply and goods and servicesgross domestic product/ capitaEfficient wealth mental homesTotal factor productivity, cost, salesEconomic systems evolution andCompetitivenessNet investment, R D expenditures, accumulate public and private debtGDP Per CapitaGross domestic product (GDP) is nothing but the over all average of the increase or decrease of economic growth. GDP is nothing but the market value of all goods and services produced by the economy during the specific period which is often one year.2008 study by Sony Ericsson on the socio-economic impact of mobile communications in Sudan found that mobile phone access generates significant socio-economic benefits for gross domestic product (GDP), notably for multitude at the base of the economic pyramid.Total factor productivity, cost, salesIn simple language Productivity gives good ability to understand into inflationary pressures, and how some(prenominal) GDP can increase without affecting inflation. With high demand of Sony Ericsson mobiles and the ships company has decided to reduce operating costs, connectivity is expected to become economically viable for the topical anaesthetic anesthetic operator within three years.Net investment and capital expendituresThis indicator specifies the distribution to providers of capital broken down by interest on debt and borrowings and dividends on all classes of shares. Then Sony Ericsson describes how it has utilise its capital the level of company commitment to socially responsible investing. These are the mentioned sustainable indicators which help the Sony Ericsson, telecommunication industry to sustain in the market.ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORSAmong the various sustainable indicators available in the supervise system for the enterprise chosen, the prime importance moves to the environmental indicators as it drives the sustainability core concepts. These environmental indicators provide a measure of the companys impacts over the natural environment entities namely on the human, air, water and land ecosystems. The impacts of such practices can be a local or a global one depending upon the nature of the process. The ultimate target is the stake holders in common. Considering the enterprise of Sony Ericson, the threat is posed over the employees who work in the enterprise.Our enterprise corresponds to the telecom industry where by the scope of analysis for the telecom products and the facilities in Sony Ericson company is tremendous. accordingly it is worth to develop indicators for the company to evaluate the strong suit of its sustainable practices. The sustainability indicators relevant to Sony Ericsson Company are identified as below.Materials- ( piths of concern)Energy- (power consumption)ProductsTransportAir emissions ( hundred footprint)The above listed indicators are identified to be more crucial for carrying out sustainable monitoring framework for the company, Sony Ericsson.Materials (substances of concern)Considering the first indicator, materials, it refers to the various elements of concern that are used in the company. Being a strong player in the telecom industry, Sony Ericsson, produces mobile phones that incorporates brominates flame retardants (BFR) on its boards and casings. Moreover poly vinyl chloride (PVC) is also used in the chargers. Hence considering the habit of these materials in the company provides more concern over the su stainability issues in the company. Hence developing this indicator would help in the bar of sustainability impacts of using such materials inside the company.EnergyFor any industry or an enterprise, the usage of energy becomes very essential for its effective functioning. Sony Ericsson is not an exception and as it addresses the energy consumption issue by means of its chargers for mobile phones. This indicator provides effective measurement of the energy consumption that would help the company to incorporate processes that would lead to lesser energy consumption for the sustainable future.ProductsSony Ericsson continues its operations in the telecom industry through its various ranges of mobile phones and accessories that pose a question whether they are bio-degradable or not. The toxicity levels in the products and their environmental impacts can be measured using this indicator. Hence for a product based company like Sony Ericsson, this indicator becomes very significant for e nsuring sustainable practices.TransportTransport is an inevitable indicator in any sector as the movement of either goods or services becomes a mandatory process in the work areas. Considering Sony Ericsson, the usage of canalise service, the kind of modes used, the relative frequency and intensity of transport processes involved in the company is really high which can affect the environment in many bad ways. Thus this indicator is more relevant to the company in identifying the impact that companys transport operations are projecting towards the environment.Air emissionsWith a large company like Sony Ericsson, the production capacities for their plants in various locations are tend to be generally larger. This results in the production of more carbon dioxide emissions across the nearby areas of the plant locations. So, careful monitoring of such emissions and controlling it becomes very important for the company to evaluate the amount of air emissions of the company.SOCIAL SUSTAI NABILITY INDICATORSApart from having economical and environmental sustainability it is as much as important for the company to be socially important too. Since every company they are socially bounded, it is important for them to be connected with the society. For a company to be effective and sustainable, both the individual and community resources need to be developed and used within the context of four guiding principles equity, social inclusion and interaction, security, and adaptability.Telecoms industry is playing as a very important player in shaping up the economy. The five main indicators of Sony Ericsson for social sustainability are as follows imperilholder pursuitHuman rights and business ethics tally opportunities and non- variationHealth and safetyBribery and corruptionSony Ericsson maintains good monitoring systems on this sustainability to have better output.Stake holder interestStakeholders are those who have a direct relationship to, or are affected by, our busi ness. They include investors, customers, employees, suppliers, industry partners, governments, end-users, non-governmental organizations and the media. So it is important for any organisation to have a good relationship with them. By having sustainable relationships with the stakeholder provide the company with long run benefits. Stakeholder involvement towards a particular company creates a good image for the company among the public.Human rights and business ethicsBusiness engagement in human rights is not only a responsibility but also an opportunity. It is very crucial for any company to behave in a socially and ethically exemplary way and operates business in compliance with all case laws and regulations. This is a main indicator for company to find out whether it is sustainable or not.Equal opportunities and discriminationOne of the main indicators that should be addressed in sustainable development requires companies to provide equal opportunities to all regardless of their gender, race and disabilities. Most of the research identifies that gender disparity as one of the important issues that need to be addressed by the industry, including attracting more women into professional jobs. By having equal opportunities make the company to have better sustainable practices.Health and safetyHealth and safety is one the most important indicator that production industry should concern about. Providing employees with health and safety standards must be addressed properly. The action plan included installing protective railings, improving processes and equipment for chemicals handling, and implementing health and safety procedures for corrective and preventive action.Bribery and corruptionAnother main issue that should be addressed the companies is bribery and corruption. Sometimes as like human rights problems, is a large scale problem that cannot be addressed the companies. So companies must make careful consideration in regard to this problem which has a dire ct impact on sustainability of any company.CRITICAL ANALYSIS AND valuation OF LISTED INDICATORSJustification For The Economic IndicatorsChina, India, In makesia and Brazil are among Sony Ericssons 10 largest markets in sales share. Emerging markets represent around one third of global GDP, and network sales in emerging markets grew an estimated 15 per centum in 2008, representing over half of network sales.High growth marketThe above mentioned statistical data proves that the Sony Ericssons GDP is increasing to sustain in the market. Moreover, connectivity is an instrument to generate economic opportunity. In fact, a 2007 Deloitte analysis of sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, the middle east and Asia pacific confirms that a 10 percent increase in mobile penetration leads to a 1.2 percent increase in gross domestic product (GDP) in developing countries twice the equivalent impact in developed markets.Applying life- cycle thinking to telecom network helps reduce the total cost of ownership for customers by demonstrating how to optimize energy. Two studies conducted by Sony Ericsson in 2008 showed in the lowest segments, money transfer, learning and mobile applications in health are in high demand. This shows that the company is done the research and addressed the capital investments, profit and share holders value to sustain in the market.Table.2 categories of economic indicatorsProvides information on /measuresEconomic issues addressedStake holders this instant affectedMain customers, market share contribution to GDPContribution to GDP and wealth creationCustomers, national governmentsFinancial viability of business and wealth creationCapital investments, profits, share holders value, wealth creation, revenue distributionShareholders, creditors, insurersTypes of product, sales, earnings, values addedSales, earnings and value addedEmployees, customers, creditors, shareholders.Thus the above mentioned Economic Indicators as provided information on measures a nd also addressed the economic issues and how the stakeholders are directly affected. The additional indicators include generally- applicable measures of economic performance such as earnings before interest and tax. The micro economic issues have traditionally dominated business decision making with a focus on short term returns, which is in the telecommunication industry often based on production volumes rather than on valued added products and services.ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORSIndicator materialThe material indicator provides information about the various substances and elements that are used in the products and processes of the company namely Sony Ericsson. The various chemical substances like PVC, BFR and lead in the manufacturing of mobile phones and its accessories are taken into account in this indicator.One of the main substances highlighted by the media is brominates flame retardants (BFR) that reduces the risk of fires in the mobile phones. The major risk of BFR is that it becomes a dioxin under uncontrolled incineration. The company also strives to removes this substance from its charger and cable cases. Thereby the company has phased out the BFR in most of its products. Moreover Sony Ericsson takes the pride of becoming the first mobile phone firm to abrogate the entire use of BFR in its products.The other major substance is the poly vinyl chloride (PVC) because it releases hydrochloric acid and dioxins that gets accumulated in the animal fat and causes cancer to human due to the various carcinogens. Sony Ericsson worked hard to find alternatives for PVC and finally from 2007 all new Sony Ericsson products were PVC free.Other substances of concern were the phthalates, beryllium and antimony were also found baseless and hence as an attempt to go environment friendly, the Sony Ericsson products are now almost free from such elements which can be very well ostensible from the companys report over sustainability.Table.3 sustainable indicator frame work for social sustainabilityIndicatorProvides information on/ measuresEnvironmental issue(s) addressedStakeholders directly affected/interestedMaterialsUse of substances of concern like PVC, BFR, beryllium etc.Use and depletion of resourcesSuppliers, contractors, NGOs, national governmentsEnergyEnergy use and efficiency, use of renewable resources of energy.Use of energy resources, contribution to global warming.Suppliers, contractors, local communities, NGOs, national governments.ProductEnvironmental impacts of products life cycleEnvironmental impacts of products like product toxicity.Customers, NGOs, national governments, insurers and creditors.Transport and logisticsTransport distances for products and with respect to employeesIntensity of transport activity carried out, use of non-renewable resources etc.Contractors, suppliers, local communities and authorities, national government and NGOsAir emissionsContribution to air, water and land pollutionAir effluents, carbon emission , related environmental impactsLocal communities and authorities, national governments, NGOs, creditors, shareholders.Indicator -energyThe indicator provides measures on the usage of the energy and its efficiency and the usage of renewable sources of energy. With respect to the company, Sony Ericsson the mobile phones and their chargers come into picture regarding the energy or power consumption.Considering the total energy life cycle impact of a mobile phone, there is a no load power consumption issue. Sony Ericsson tried to reduce this and achieved a 0.15 w of average no load power in its mobile phone chargers.Indicator productThe product indicator provides information about the environmental impacts that happens throughout the life cycle of the product. It exhibits the other hazardous and toxic properties of the mobile phone products and its accessories of Sony Ericsson. The product gathers more importance in identifying the measure of the sustainability in a company like Sony E ricsson as the entire business rolls out of its products.The company has come up with the initiative towards the development of the mobile phone product that is environmentally sustainable. In 2008, the company initiated a concept called green heart. According to this concept, the entire life cycles of products are revised and the usages of various elements are identified to be environmental friendly.Indicator transport and logisticsThe indicator provides information about the distances involved in the transportation of products and the employees as well in the company. This indicator throws light on the usage of the various non-renewable resources and the same emissions that would pose a considerable threat to the environment.Sony Ericsson collaborates with the logistics companies so as to reduce the impact of transport on the overall carbon footprint. The company framed out a separate environmental friendly guideline in selecting the vehicles and fuels for its transport operatio ns.According to the life cycle assessment made by the company in 2008, it was found that 3.7 kg of carbon dioxide emission resulted out of the transportation of which 90% contributed from the outbound transportation. Thus the sedate efforts have to be made to join with Logistics Company and reduce the weight of packaging as well so that overall impact of transportation can be minimized.Indicator air emissions (carbon footprint)The indicator provides information about the amount of pollutants that the company introduces to the land, air and water ecosystems. It also defines the level and severity of the impact and the corresponding impacts on the environment.Sony Ericsson has been planning out for larger volumes of production because of business constraints and this causes a larger emission of carbon dioxide into the air. The three major activities were identified to contribute towards carbon emission namely factories, offices and travel.Table.4 Table.5The impact of business travel is another problem accounting for higher carbon emission. Reducing the long distance travel by introducing alternative meeting arrangements like Tele-Presence systems, an advanced video conferencing technique have been initiated as an effective alternative to reduce business travels. These all techniques were thought for cut down the companys total carbon emission from its business operations.SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORSCompanies are paying more attention to the social dimension of sustainable development, mainly due to an experient shift in stakeholder pressures from environmental to social-related concerns. During the last decades of the 20th century, various significant steps were taken to draw the social dimension of sustainable development into open.Sony Ericsson has taken the following social issues for their sustainability in the market.Stakeholder involvementHuman rights and business ethicsEqual opportunities and non- discriminationHealth and safetyBribery and corrupt ionTable.6 sustainable indicator framework for social sustainabilityIndicatorProvides information on/ measuresSocial issue(s) addressedStakeholders directly affected/interestedStakeholder involvementThe level of commitment to external stakeholderStakeholder involvementAll external stakeholderHuman rights and business ethicsThe level of commitment to protecting human rights of all stakeholders, employeesHuman rights and business ethics.All stakeholders, employees, trade unions.Equal opportunities and non-discriminationThe level of commitment to non-discrimination and to provide equal opportunitiesEqual opportunities and non-discriminationEmployees, trade unions, national governmentsHealth and safetyEmployee health and safetyHealth and safetyEmployees, trade unions, national governmentsBribery and corruptionThe approach to avoiding bribery and corruptionBribery and corruptionLocal communities and authorities, national governments, NGOs, creditorsIndicator stakeholder involvementBoard participation is crucial for the murder of underlying values for sustainable development and preservation of cultural values. Therefore, involvement of local communities and other stakeholders is crucial in decision making process. Sony Ericsson seeks to respond speedily to stakeholder concerns. They conduct an annual stakeholder survey identifying the top-ranked social, environmental and economic issues for customers and investors. They measure employees views in annual surveys and polls. In 2008, both investors and customers were particularly interested in supply chain management.Indicator -human rights and business ethicsProtection of human rights is another relevant sustainability of the social concern that should be addressed when considering electronics industry. Sony Ericsson respects all human rights, including the right to freedom of expression of ideas and as tools for democracy. At times the telecom industry can encounter conflicts in realisation of these rights. Sony Ericsson is addressing the relevant issues to us and our market, but at present, considers that the main concerns in this area fall within the operators domain. As society understands of these issues evolves and the border between operator and vendor changes, Ericsson will reassess its position.Indicator -equal opportunities and non- discriminationAddressing sustainable development requires companies to provide equal opportunities to all regardless of their gender, race or disabilities. Sony Ericsson is making headway in a male dominated industry, and the second of women in the workforce increased worldwide from 12,000 in 2004 to more than 17,000 today. The build of women occupying the top 200 roles increased from 12 percent in 2007 to 13 percent in 2008, while those in line management positions remained steady at 18 percent.Our objective is to develop a management team in which the number of females is proportionate to the female workforce as a whole Sony Ericsson leadership deve lopment initiative for employees nurtures key capabilities and competencies and helps set clear goals. We seek to strengthen and increase leadership qualities at all levels of the organization. During 2008, we launched 122 training sessions to support the initiative and 1,979 managers participated, compared to 78 sessions and 1,281 participants in 2007. To maximize learning opportunities, we mix classroom sessions with informal learning such as mentoring, job rotation, coaching, and interactive feedback. This provides employees with practical support in developing the skills to spearhead and service technological convergence.Indicator health and safetyIn addition to wages and benefits that are universally important, one of the employee-related issues related to occupational health and safety. Occupational health and safety (OHS) is a global priority for Ericsson. In 2009 we will align our existing locally tailored OHS approach with a globally coordinated system applicable to all m arkets. Unit heads will ensure that they set appropriate OHS standards that are realistic, attainable and consistent with local operating conditions and legislation. During the year we will finalize a group policy on OHS that will be rolled out throughout the business. .Indicator -bribery and corruptionCorruption is one of the main obstacles in equal distribution of wealth. The Ericsson group management system, implemented and monitored wherever we do business, ensures integrity and high standards of conduct. A whistle blower procedure is in place for employees to report violations relating to accounting, internal controls and procedures or fraudulent practices. In 2008, all market unit employees took the anti-corruption e-learning. We also offer training courses educate employees on the code of business ethics and anti-corruption.CONCLUSIONSustainable development has become very significant especially in the telecom industry. In order to respond to the various sustainability chall enges forced in the industry, sustainable development becomes very crucial. The framework for the monitoring system developed with the corresponding indicators provide a comprehensive tool for measuring sustainability in the telecom industry. The proposed indicators in the above discussion, addresses to the key environmental, social and economic issues that are prevalent in the tel

Concepts of Time Travel: Wormholes, Gravity and Blackholes

Concepts of Time Travel Wormholes, Gravity and BlackholesAny sort of age go away to the past through wormholes or incessantlyy workable strategy is presumably incomprehensible, loosely mysteries capability happen. So unfortunately, it realisems that beat trip up to the past will never happen a bafflement for dinosaur seekers and an easing for antiquarians.How to travel in future?Through wormholesWe should enjoy a little science fiction for a minute. Time travel motion pictures regularly murderer an immense, beseech hungry machine. The machine makes a way through the fourth measurement, a tunnel through eon. A time traveler, younkerful hearted, a fearless, whitethornbe judicious individual, ready for who realizes what, steps into the time tunnel and bestrides who k right offs when. The idea whitethorn be outlandish, and the actuality may be altogether different from this, yet the thought itself is non so insane. As should be obvious these films from a century ago argo n continually providing for or so mind boggling and exceptional plans to individuals.In this way, oftentimestimes the same as those motion pictures physicists become been contemplating tunnels in time, shabbiness gaps and departure at the rate of strong-heeled,However they take a stab at it from an alternate edge. They think around whether gateways to the past or whats to come could ever be conceivable inside according to laws of nature. So, they think they seem to be. Additionally, they hand even provided for them a name WORMHOLES. The human race of the situation is that wormholes argon surrounding us, just theyre so little there is no option see. Wormholes are extremely minor. They happen in niches and crevices in station and time.A wormhole is a hypothetical tunnel or alternate route, anticipated by Einsteins hypothesis of relativity, that connections two spots in space-time envisi iodined above, where blackball liveliness pulls space-time into the hole of a tunn el, rising in an alternate universe. This thrust been utilized as a part of movies as conductors for time travel in Star-door, for instance, including gated tunnels in the midst of two different universes, and in two different Time times.Its much the same as a tunnel/connect between two structures think about 2 persons need to go from outset buildings top carpet to the early(a)s, individual a picked the tunnel and he arrived at rapidly as contrasted with the plunk for individual who first went down and after that entered in bite building and took a lift for top floor. Much the same as those tunnels wormholes are tunnels between two separate periods of space-time fabric.Nothing is level or strong. In the event that you gaze nearly plenty toward anything youll disc all over openings and wrinkles in it. Its an essential physical rule, and it even applies to time. Actually something as smooth as nails has small openings, wrinkles and voids. save its not difficult to show that this is settle in the sign three sizes. Anyhow as stated by Einstein, its besides valid for the fourth extent. There are little openings, wrinkles and voids in time. They are more(prenominal) exact even than sand, littler than particles. Small tunnels or easy routes through space and time forever structure, vanish, and re range inside this smaller than usual micro conception. what is more they really interface two separate spots and two separate times, as should be obvious above in.Whats more if by one modality or an former(a)wise through enough power and propelled innovation, a goliath wormhole will have been built in space so that our spaceship (time machine) could go through it. It might be a sincerely astonishing gadget. One end could be here slopped estate, and the new(prenominal) remote, far away, close to some removed planet.Hypothetically, a period tunnel or wormhole could do signifi slewtly more than take us to different planets. In the event that both finis hes were in the same place, and differentiated by time rather than separation, a boat could fly in and turn out still close Earth, yet in the inaccessible past. Possibly Mughal Emperors might witness the boat coming in for an arriving or in future where we might meet our amazing luxuriant grand kids.HOW THEY ARE USELESS?They remain just theoretical, as clear no one has ever seen one, lamentably, these genuine time tunnels are simply a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimeter (10-33cm) over. Much besides little for a human to pass through, yet heres the place the thought of wormhole time machines is heading. A few researchers think it may be conceivable to catch a wormhole and extend it numerous trillions of times to become showbiz royalty enough for a man or even any travelling object to enter.At the same time, to do so they require extremely enormous measure of vitality, for a wormhole something wish well 1 meter over, considerable enough to fit an individual, youd require a Jupiters value of mass changed over into vitality, and beyond any doubt its unimaginable and almost incomprehensible.We should think about on the off chance that it is conceivable to do it, yet according to Stephen HawkingWormhole analogous this much big screwingt exist. Whats more the explanation behind that is reaction. If you ever went to any concert, youll presumably distinguish this shrieking clamor. Its reaction. What causes it is basic. Sound enters the amplifier. Its transmitted along the wires, made louder by the enhancer, and turns out at the speakers. However in the event that excessively of the sound from the speakers about-faces into the mic it goes around and around in a circle getting louder each one time. In the event that nobody stops it, criticism can wreck the sound framework.The same problem will occur with a wormhole, just with radiation rather than sound. When the wormhole stretches, characteristic radiation will enter it, and inter equale up in a circle. The reaction will get to be so solid it obliterates the wormhole. So despite the fact that little wormholes do exist, and it may be conceivable to blow up one sometime, it wont prevail going long enough to be useful as a time machine.So time travel through wormhole is not conceivable.Be that as it may the storys not over yet. This doesnt set aside a few legal proceeding travel incomprehensible.TIME TRAVEL THROUGH GRAVITY and BLACK HOLESTime streams exemplarized a stream and it appears to be as though each of us is conveyed persistently along by times current. Anyhow time is similar to a waterway in an alternate way. It streams at distinctive speeds in fall in places and that is the way to going into whats to come. This thought was initially proposed by Albert Einstein in excess of 100 years prior. He understood that there ought to be places where time backs off, and others where time accelerates. He was completely right.GPS, A system of satellites is in circle around Earth. T he satellites make satellite route conceivable. Be that as it may they likewise uncover that time runs speedier in space than it does down here on Earth. Inside e genuinely rocket is an extremely exact clock. At the same time in spite of being so precise, they all increase around a minor of a second consistently. The framework need to right for the float, generally that modest contrast might steamed the entire framework, bringing about every GPS gadget on Earth to go out by something like six miles a daytime. You can simply envision the pandemonium that that might bring about.The issue doesnt lie with the timekeepers. They run quick on the grounds that time itself runs speedier in space than it does down beneath. Furthermore the explanation behind this uncommon pertain is the mass of the Earth. Einstein understood that matter delays time and eases it off like the moderate some piece of a waterway. The heavier the item, the more it delays time. besides this startling actuality is the thing that opens the avenue to the likelihood of time travel to whats to come.Planets dont mend excessively on time, we need something truly colossal and enormous body to make the range more curvy so time pass more gradually. The gravity which mustiness be thousand times more amazing than sun.Right in the focal point of the Milky Way, 26 thousands out of work years from us, lies the most heaviest avouch in the system. It is a super-enormous dark gap holding the mass of four million suns smashed down into a solitary point by its gravity. The circumferent you get to the dark gap, the stronger the gravity. Get truly close and not even light can find a way to get bunk. A dark opening like this one has an emotional impact on time, easing it off significantly more than whatever else might be available in the universe. That sets aside a few minutes machine.Presently simply envision how a spaceship/time machine could have the capacity to exploit this wonder, by circling it. On the off chance that a space office were controlling the mission from Earth theyd watch that each one full circle took 16 minutes. At the same time for the fearless individuals ready for, to this gigantic item, time might be backed off. Furthermore here the impact might be significantly more great than the gravitational force of Earth. The teams opportunity might be backed off significantly. For like clockwork circle, theyd just encounter eight minutes of time.Around and around theyd set out for some, encountering simply a fraction of the time of everybody far from the dark gap. The boat and its group might be going through time. Envision they surrounded the dark gap for five of their years. Ten years might pass somewhere else. When they returned home, everybody on Earth might have matured five years more than they had.So as stated by researcher super- gigantic dark gap is a time machine.How is it impossible?At the same time obviously, its not precisely commonsense. It has favorable cir cumstances over wormholes in that it doesnt incite mysteries. Also it wont annihi after-hours itself in a under dry land of criticism. At the same time its really risky. Its far away and it doesnt even take us far into whats to come. We have to go at the pace of light for 26,000 years to get close to them. Whats more over again to do so we dont have enough vitality and life history compass. The other point is that on the off chance that we go close to the dark opening, we will fall in it as it has extraordinary gravity that not even light can escape from it.The given focuses demonstrate that time travel through dark gaps is additionally outlandish.Luckily there is an alternate approach to go in time. Whats more this speaks to researchers pull through and best any expectation of building a time machine.TIME TRAVEL And speed of lightYou simply need to travel, quick much quick even than the rate needed to abstain from being sucked into a dark opening. This is because of an alterna te weird reality about the universe. Theres an inestimable rate confine, 186,000 miles for every second or 299,792,458 meter for every second, otherwise called the velocity of light. Nothing can surpass that speed. Its their one of the best settled standards in science. Accept it or not, as stated by researchers going at close to the pace of light transports you to whats to come.To demonstrate why, how about we think up a science-fiction transportation framework. Envision a track that goes all around Earth, a track for a fastest train. Were going to utilize this nonexistent train to get as close as could be allowed to the pace of light and perceive how it turns into a time machine. Ready for travelers with a restricted ticket to whats to come. The train starts to quicken, quicker and speedier. Before long its circumnavigating the Earth again and again.To approach the rate of light means surrounding the Earth really quick. Seven times each second. Be that as it may irrespective of wh at amount of force the train has, it can never fully pass the rate of light, since the laws of physical science deny it. Rather, we should say it draws near, only a fiddling bit short of that extreme rate. Notwithstanding something phenomenal happens. Time begins streaming gradually ready for to whatever remains of the world, much the same as close to the dark opening, just all the more so. Everything on the train is in moderate movement.This happens to ensure as far as possible, and its not tricky to see why. Envision a kid running advances up the train. Her send pace is added to the velocity of the prepare, so would she be able to break as far as possible basically by mishap? The response is no. The laws of nature keep the likelihood by backing off time topical anaestheticly available.Notwithstanding she cant run quick enough to break the utmost. Time will evermore ease off only enough to ensure as far as possible. Also from that certainty comes the likelihood of voyaging numer ous years into whats to come.Envision that the train left the station on February 1, 2020. It rings Earth again and again for 100 prior years at long last stopping on New Years Day, 2120. The travelers will have just existed one hebdomad in light of the fact that time is backed off that much inside the train. When they got out theyd discover an altogether different world from the one theyd readable out. In one week theyd have voyage 100 years into whats to come.Last hope also DIEDAgain we require a lot of vitality to move at velocity of light, vitality at any rate equivalents to the half vitality of universe. Besides, as stated by Einstein the quicker you go the heavier you get and additionally, on the off chance that we see the equation of motor vitality K.e=(1/2)mv2, where m is the mass of anyone and v is its speed. Also this recipe says that our dynamic vitality is specifically relative to the square of our speed, which implies that motor vitality of an item builds because of th e movement of that question.Also I believe that moving at any pace does not have any effect. Implies it doesnt make a difference from what speed you are moving, there will be no impact on time, of course, that is one mans feeling.In this way, obviously, fabricating a prepare that could arrive at such a velocity is truly outlandish. Anyway we have manufactured something exceptionally like the train at the worlds biggest atom smasher at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.Profound underground, in a roundabout tunnel 16 miles in length, is a stream of trillions of small particles. At the point when the force is turned on the quicken from zero to 60,000mph in a small amount of a second. Increment the force and the particles go speedier and quicker, until theyre zooming around the tunnel 11,000 times each second, which is just about the velocity of light. At the same time much the same as the train, they never entirely achieve that extreme rate. They can just get to 99.99 for every penny of the farthest point. At the point when that happens, they excessively begin to go in time. We know this in view of some to a great degree fleeting particles, called pi-mesons. Customarily, they deteriorate after only 25 billionths of a second. However when they are quickened to close light speed they keep going 30 times longer.Well they have demonstrate about it, yet as they are moving those particles almost at velocity of light so there is a huge impact on their vitality level, and most presumably because of progress in vitality those particles change their properties. Hence forth, they keep going 30 times longer because of this reason.It truly is that basic. In the event that we need to go into whats to come, we only need to go quick. Truly quick. Whats more I think the main way were liable to do that is by going into space. The speediest manned vehicle in history was Apollo 10. It arrived at 25,000mph. Be that as it may to go in time well need to go more than 2,000 times speedier. Als o to do that wed require a much greater ship, a sincerely huge machine. The boat might need to be huge enough to convey a gigantic measure of fuel, enough to quicken it to about the pace of light. Getting to simply underneath the grandiose pace cutoff might oblige six entire years at full power.The introductory increasing speed might be tender in light of the fact that the boat might be so huge and substantial. In any case step by step it might get velocity and soon might be blanket gigantic separations. In one week it might have arrived at the external planets. Following two years it might achieve half-light speed and be far right(prenominal) our earths planetary group. Two years after the fact it might be going at 90 for every penny of the rate of light. Around 30 trillion miles far from Earth, and 4 or 4.5 years after launch, the boat might start to go in time. For each hour of time on the boat, two might pass on Earth,a comparative circumstance to the spaceship that circled the monstrous dark gap.After an additional two years of full push the boat might achieve its top speed, 99 percent of the velocity of light. At this velocity, and as stated by the figuring of researchers, a solitary day ready for an entire year of Earth time. Our boat might be sincerely flying into whats to come. impingement of ball-shapedization on Culture EssayImpact of Globalization on Culture EssayIn todays world of interconnectedness, the conception of independent, coherent, and stable finales are becoming progressively rare. Processes of world(prenominal)ization are drawing mess from different ethnical origins into close affinitys as can be seen in the unprecedented expansion of tourism, the flourishing of multinational corporations, the emergence of new geographical unities like the European Community, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the dissemination of pop culture, the increasing shine of migrations, the growth of diasporas, the emergence of Internet commu nities, and the establishment of global institutions like the internationalist Monetary Fund and the United Nations. Nevertheless even though cultures are seen as unstable and changing, this shift is generally viewed from a large perspective, of the bigger modify the smaller, the operation of global affecting the local anesthetic. The alternative i.e. the local effecting the global is not paid much attention to in globalization literature. This feature of the emerging world has been grasped and theorized by what we call glocalization opening today. The essence of the emerging worldwide phenomenon where globalization and localization are simultaneously transforming the development landscape is captured by Glocalization. The limit Glocalization is very similar to the term Globalization and in fact has its roots in it. To understand the essence of glocalization we need to first look at what globalization denotes and the problems with it which gave rise to the glocal as opposed to the global or simply the local. Globalization can be seen as a compression of the world as a square. tho in terms of culture what has become almost commonplace is to think of globalization as a large scale phenomenon that involves the triumph of culturally homogenizing forces over all others. The bigger, is increasingly seen as better. This view has been criticized as having a lack of concern with micro sociological or local issues. Sociologist Ronald Robertson who is instrumental in popularizing the term shows that there have been attempts to propose a global sociology with ventures to incorporate indigenous sociologies into this wider imperative. The unconscious process of globalization was being increasingly seen as a tendency which overrides the locality. thusly the concept of Glocalization as Robertson puts it is was needed, as according to him universalism was being countrerposed to particularism. Glocalization essentially encapsulates the simultaneous processes of global ization and localization that are taking place in the world today. The global expressed in the local and the local as the particularization of the global.GlobalizationThe term has its roots in the Japanese term dochakuka which first appeared in the late 1980s in articles by Japanese economists in the Harvard Business Review. The term originally meant adapting farming technique to ones own local condition. The idea was later select to refer to global-localization. According to the dictionary meaning, the term glocal and the process noun glocalization are formed by telescoping global and local to make a blend1. Glocalization seems to be a problematic term as it is seen as meaning different things to different people. Roland Robertson, conceptualized glocalization as, the universalization of particularization and the particularization of universalism2. Khondker expressed it as a process combining the twin processes of macro-localization and micro-globalization. For others globalizatio n provokes revival of local cultural identities. Thus in his view local is the provider of the response to the forces that are global.Nevertheless what we adhere to in this composing is the Robertsonian view of glocalization which argues that any focus on the global must have a focus on the local for the two are mutually essential of each other it is not as simple as the global being proactive and the local being reactive. He attributes this to the debates centering on the relationship between the global and the local. The global was scripted as being homogenizing because of the sparing and cultural flows associated with it (proactive) and the local being a site of heterogeneity fighting to keep out globalization (reactive). Rethinking globalization in this way leads to the recognition that it is not a process that operates exclusively at a planetary scale, but is constantly being localized in various ways and with different intensities. Forces from above periodically emerge to i nterrupt local serenity. With local cultural stasis upset by outside forces, a re-stabilization process sets in to enable the emergence of a new culture more able to cope with the disorder brought on by, in this case, globalizationRobertson refers to glocalization as the interpenetrationof theglobaland localresultingin uniqueoutcomesin differentgeographicalareas. At a 1997 conference on Globalization and Indigenous Culture, Robertson said that glocalization means the simultaneity the co- figurehead of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies. The process also denotes the commonly interconnected processes of homogenization and heterogenization. Theorists of glocalization typically challenge the assumption that globalization processes always endanger the local. Rather, glocalization both highlights how local cultures may critically adapt or resist global phenomena, and reveals the way in which the very creation of localities is a standard component of globalization. There is now a universal normalization of locality, in the sense that local cultures are assumed to arise constantly and particularize themselves tete-a-tete other specific cultures. slightly have also termed this process as internal globalization i.e. globalization is seen as not only a macro structure but to highlight the reality of micro globalization. Internal globalization means that large numbers of people around the globe are now exposed to other cultures on a daily basis without crossing borders on a regular basis, simply through the variety of communication media. Furthermore, they might encounter immigrants, refugees, or tourists in their own locality. They might also encounter cultural artefacts and commercial establishments that bring other cultures into close proximity to their own. The increasing presence of McDonalds restaurants worldwide is an congresswoman of globalization, while the restaurant chains menu changes in an attempt to appeal to local palates are an example of glocalization. Perhaps even more illustrative of glocalization For promotions in France, the restaurant chain recently chose to replace its familiar Ronald McDonald mascot with Asterix the Gaul, a popular French cartoon character. Products are embedded and then proved at heart the local culture.Dannie Kjeldgaard and Soren Askegaard analyze the whole glocalization discourse with respect to youth culture and view them mainly as consumers. According to them youth culture is an institutionalized aspect of the market, emerging predominantly from Western cultural currents and diffusing globally. Early youth cultural fashions diffused primarily in the West but also to other parts of the modernizing world. Youth culture, like other spheres of hearty life due to the process of glocalization, is increasingly shaped by and constitutes global cultural flows. They put forth Appadurais analysis who analyzes the global cultural economy by using the landscape metaphor to illustrate such fl ows within five scapes ethnoscapes (the flow of people), technoscapes (the flow of technology), finanscapes (the flow of finance and capital), mediascapes (the flow of mediated images), and ideoscapes (the flow of ideas and ideologies). These flows increase the availability of symbols and meanings in consumers everyday lives in such a way that much of what is available in one place is also available in any other place. The glocalization processes constituted by these flows shape socio-cultural reality in dialectical processes between the local and the global. Through these processes, the styles characteristic of youth culture spread globally, instigating the development of local versions of youth culture through appropriation and creolization. They are mainly of the opinion that members of the youth market interpret and rework global cultural practices and meanings to fit into their local contexts. Consumption practices are inscribed in local historically constituted cultural discou rses and in particular consumers are reliant on their predominantly class-based, socio-cultural resources for negotiating global meanings and practices in their daily lives. Their study addresses several knowledge gaps by showing that the often noted homogeneity of global youth consumption practices overlooks their deeper structural differences and diverse localized meanings. These deeper differences flow from the manifestations of a transnational market ideology in glocalized forms. Identities are rearticulated in local versions, although these appropriative reworkings are never totally free of ideological bewitch. The ideological models carry with them preferred readings, which consumers have to negotiate.CultureTo understand the impact the process of glocalization has on culture we first need to understand what the term culture denotes. It is in the domain of culture that we think, express ourselves articulate our aspirations and decide our mode of life. In general culture can b e said to refer to the social construction, articulation and reception of meaning. Culture can be seen as a lived and creative experience for individuals as well as a body of artifacts texts and objects. It embraces the specialized and professionalized discourses of the arts, the com modify output of the cultural industries the spontaneous and unorganized cultural expressions of everyday life and the complex interactions between all these.3The essence of a culture is defined by its responses to the ultimate questions of human existence death, hope, tragedy, love, loyalty, power, the meaning and purpose of life, and the place of the supernatural in human existence. But the responses to these questions are different and vary from region to region thus producing different values to the different elements relating to culture. The responses to these questions are affected by different socio-cultural-political even technological criteria thus having a whole different outlook to the way l ife is lived and perceived. Again Jan Nederveen Pieterse gives us a different miscellanea of culture. According to him in the context of the global there can be two concepts of culture.4One is culture as essentially territorial i.e. localized culture of societies and groups. The other he classifies as culture as a general human software which refers to it as a trans-local learning process. Culture in the first sense of the term has an inward looking sense of a place while the second is essentially in the sense of outward looking. According to Pieterse the second finds expression in the first. Culture is the medium through which individuals and collectivities organize and conceptualize their identities in time and space. Thus different views of or different ways of looking at culture can have a huge impact on the trances cultural flows will have on different societies.Impact of Glocalization on CultureThe whole process of the global effecting the local and the local the global has ramifications in a number of spheres and in a number of ways. There are basically two contestants in the globalization debate as Featherstone and Lash note, the homogenizer for whom globalization is to be seen as a consequence of modernness and heterogenizers who consider globalization as characterizing post modernity.5Homogenizers tend to think in terms of a world system that leads them to look primarily at the presence of universals. Heterogenizers, on the other hand, tend to dispute that a world system exists and disclaim the validity of universals. They see the dominance of the West over the Rest as simply one particular system over another system. The glocalization debate does not adhere strictly to any of these extremes but shows that the whole process is a two-way converse having both homogenizing and heterogenizing tendencies and tries to address the contradiction between the two. The global infrastructures of culture and communication have also contributed to increasing ly dense transnational elite and professional cultures. Others have argued how this process of glocalization provides for sharper cultural consciousness.There are certain impacts that Roland Robertson and Richard Giulianotti point out in their article dealing with glocallization. In the article they develop a four-fold typology of glocalization projects, with reference to how they affect culture6. The glocalization projects areRelativization here, social actors seek to preserve their prior cultural institutions, practices and meanings within a new environment, thereby reflecting a consignment to differentiation from the host culture.Accommodation here, social actors absorb pragmatically the practices, institutions and meanings associated with other societies, in order to maintain key elements of the prior local culture.Hybridization here, social actors synthesize local and other cultural phenomena to produce distinctive, hybrid cultural practices, institutions and meanings.Transfor mation here, social actors come to favour the practices, institutions or meanings associated with other cultures. Transformation may procure fresh cultural forms or, more extremely, the abandonment of the local culture in favour of alternative and/or hegemonic cultural forms.This fourfold typology enumerates how the process of glocalization has impacts other than merely homogenizing. Further Robertson in his essay Glocalization Time-Space and Homogeneity-Heterogeneity negates the discourse on Cultural imperialism specially by the USA and instead advocates a line of thought which recognizes the alternatives. Some of these arguments are as followsThe cultural messages from the westbound are also differentially received and interpreted by the different locals. They absorb the communications transmitted in different waysThe major alleged producers of global culture (CNN,Hollywood) etc increasingly are seen to tailor products to differentiated global marketsNational symbolic resources a re increasingly available for differentiated global interpretation and consumption, for example plays of Shakespeare are variously interpreted today and is not only viewed from the British angleFlow of ideas and practices from the third world to dominant societies should not be underestimatedJan Nederveen Pieterse on the other hand views the whole process of globalization itself as a process of hybridization giving rise to a global mlange.7He defines hybridization as ways in which forms become separated from existing practices and recombine with new forms in new practices. The phenomenon of hybridization basically undermines the idea of cultures as internally homogenous and externally distinct. He views identity patterns as becoming more complex as people want to assert local loyalties but want to share global values and lifestyles. All this ultimately point to the fact that cultural experiences are not moving in a direction of cultural uniformity and standardization. If this was t he case there would be no space for cross-over cultures or third cultures for example music today. He gives examples to show what the process of hybridization creates multiple identities such as Mexican schoolgirls dressed in Greek togas dancing in the style of Isadora Duncan, a London boy of Asian origin playing for a local Bengali cricket team and at the same time supporting(a) the Arsenal football club, Thai boxing by Moroccan girls in Amsterdam, and Native the Statesns celebrating Mardi Gras in the United States. He further points out that the cultures exported by the west are themselves mixed cultures when the lineage of the cultures is examined. Thus the whole process of glocalization has made possible what we know as creolization of global culture or even orientalization of the world today which all point in the opposite direction to that of homogenization. The glocally-mediated, normalized cultural hybrid is here to stay till other new forces emerge which can dislodge them and maybe steer the course towards homogenization again or its extreme opposite heterogeneity. Sociological glocalizations focus on how local cultures are modified along global lines indicates the need to take more seriously how actors redefine themselves when frameworks become dislodged from their social foundations.Hubert J. M. Hermans and Harry J. G. Kempen on the other hand analyze the impact by challenging the academic mainstream conceptions which continues to work in a tradition of cultural dichotomies (e.g., individualistic vs. collectivistic, independent vs. interdependent) formulated as contrasts between western and non-western cultures. tercet developments are presented that challenge this approachthe increasing cultural connections with the phenomenon of hybridization as a consequencethe emergence of a world system that implies an interpenetration of the global and the localthe enlarged cultural complexity as a result of large-scale distribution of cultural meanings and practicesThus we see how through the processes of intermixing and hybridization the process of glocalization is at work whereby not only the global is seen to effect the local but there exists a reciprocity by which local cultures have an influence on the global giving rise to what is known as global mass culture8impregnated with ideas, styles and genres concerning religion, music, art, cooking and so on. Nevertheless a discussion on the whole process of globalization vis--vis glocalization remains unfinished without a discussion on the actors promoting globalization. These actors have a huge role to play in the process of interconnecting the world. They also realize the limits of homogenizing and are seen to adapt to local conditions as put forth by the glocalists. Enumerating the role of the actors also brings in the issue of power kinetics in the process of glocalization.ActorsAnother very important aspect when we talk of the transmission of culture is the role played by the var ious actors who play a part in the transmission whether from the global to the local or from the local to the global. Among them is a group of 20-30 very large Multi National Corporations who dominate global markets for entertainment, news, boob tube etc. and these have acquired a very significant cultural presence in almost every continent. They are Time-Warner, Disney, Bertelsmann, Viacom, News Corporation, Sony, Universal, TCI, Philips etc to name a few. more(prenominal) important is that all these have their home base in OECD countries and the majority being in the USA. Three particular cultural markets are music moving-picture show and television. It has created transnational corporations producing and marketing records, specially import and export of musical products and the penetration of national markets by foreign artists and music. Further this is based on a broader tilt of styles that are rooted mostly in American youth culture. Under the auspices of the global music industry local musical traditions too have an audience outside their homeland under the banner of so called world music. Due to globalization there is also a diffusion of film-making capacities and organizations around the world. Also co-production has been very prevalent that is the development of the film is funded by organizations in more than one nation. Again television too has become an industry as well as a medium of globalization. Tourism is also an important method of promoting culture, but again the majority of travel movements have been within North America and Western Europe. Apart from these a number of organizations and international agencies such as the UNESCO, WTO etc have become involved in the global communications and culture or the issue of cultural protectionism etc.The notion of glocality is meant to transcend the binary opposition between the global and the local and to provide an accurate linguistic representation of their blend in real life. But in reality when cultures meet there is also a politics. Cultures may have assymetrical information emanating from the unequal distribution of wealthiness and political power. The global imperialism of the western countries from 16th -20th century provided the infrastructure for imposition and diffusion of western ideas, values and cultural institutions and practices across the world. Since the advent of European modernity cultural flows have been primarily from the west to the east following lines of imperial control. Flows are reversed mainly through migration but also through other cultural forms such as music, food, idea beliefs etc. But the cultural politics of colonialism still prevails to a large extent. Due to the presence of the historical and economic contexts prevailing in the world the degree to which the local, mainly of the peripheries, affect the dominant societies, mainly the west, is far less than the influence of westernization and Americanization. All the modes of cultural g lobalization the stretch and deepening of relationships, the movement of signs, objects and people, cultural diffusion and emulation and the establishment of infrastructure and institutions involve distinct patterns of stratification, of hierarchy and unevenness. This is mainly because of the way people have learn history, that there exists an entity called the West and that one can think of this West as a society independent of and in opposition to other. This independence though has been challenged, and is correct to a large extent, by the glocalist, the greater influence still is directed from the west to the east a fact that cannot be denied. This can be clearly shown when we see the role of the actors involved in the process of dissemination of information and thus changing cultures. The American film industry is fairly independent and does not depend on co-sponsors thus avoiding any dictates regarding the substance and character of the film. Also the major MNCs have their ho me bases in the western nations mainly the USA and promote their own cultures through their communication channels. Even the international institutions are majorly dominated by the western powers. Thus, though glocalization is taking place, the influence of the global on the local still remains far greater than the influence of the local on the global.ConclusionTherefore we end on a note where we accept the glocalist position of the process of global-localization. The presumed internal homogeneity of cultures and their conception as externally distinctive are called into question. Different localities today are interpreting the global cultural flows differentially as has been enumerated in the paper so far. It is not merely a process of arbitrary adoption but is synthesized according to the beliefs and customs prevailing in the local cultures. For example though modern man in western society now seems to be increasingly unwilling to live permanently in a totally secularised world (a n example of east effecting the west), it is rather unlikely that in parts of the Third World where the tralatitious social systems have been largely shaped by religion, we will see the same degree of secularisation which has characterised Western modernization. Thus the process of filtering of inflows is very crucial. But glocalization theory also emphasizes the influence of the local on the global i.e. the global as receivers of cultures too from the local and not merely vise versa. Though this is true to some extent from the yard available from the promotion of global mass culture etc the degree of influence of the local on the global can be challenged to a large extent. The whole process of colonialism has played a very crucial role in this unequal distribution of resources and power. Indigenous peoples though have a sense of their traditional cultures and customs, the impact of a colonial past has left its mark in their cultural behaviour whether it be the dressing sense, the food habits or even the wording spoken. In these areas the western influence becomes very vivid and stark. Thus though glocalization as a theory has its merits it is not excluded from criticisms. Overall it is a useful theory to bring out the drawbacks of the globalization process as homogenizing and overarching and it also brings out the importance of contexts and analysis at the micro-level.

The Spanish American War :: essays research papers

Most may think that the Spanish-American war was a war between the Americans and the Spanish. Most are right, but only to a point, because the Spanish-American War alike included wars between the Americans and the Filipinos, as well as between the Americans and Puerto-Ricans. Reasons for these wars occurring are obvious to the history connoisseur, but to the normal individualist, they may not be so distinct.America has been a country of great power for years, and that power has come not only from years of hard work and fighting, but also from years of audacity. About one hundred fifty years ago, the united States began sending armed forces to foreign countries in an effort to attain each individual countrys opulent resources. This commanding attitude taken by the United States government spread into the American people as well, with corporate giants such(prenominal) as Rockefeller and Morgan, who controlled large parts of American business with monopolies over the railroads and oil industry. Events such as the Spanish&64979American War and interference in the Philippines tag the indisputable beginning of American imperialism. Invasions such as these propelled United States capitalist expansion and produced the ideas of economic expansion in government as well as in homes.The Philippines played a larger part in the Spanish-American War than nigh may like to believe. The Philippine-American War as it could be c alled is forgotten to most everyone in all of United States Military history. The events that occurred in the Philippines could be mildly compared to the events that occurred nearly seventy years later in Vietnam. The reasons for the war occurring at all are directly related to the Filipinos attempts to gain independence from Spain. Lead by Emilio Aguinaldo, the Filipino people fought for one year for independence from Spain with a shortage of weapons, ammunition and food. A treaty with the Spanish Authorities was forced in 1897, and Aguinaldo and h is government were forced into exile with payment of four hundred gram pesos. American Consuls residing in many Asian countries, as well as Hong Kong, where Aguinaldo was exiled to, agreed with Aguinaldo to give the Philippines independence, as long as they helped the United States defeat the Spanish. Commodore George Dewey of the United States Navy was to lead Aguinaldo back to the Philippines. He only brought Aguinaldo back to Luzon, the northern-most island of the Philippines. Dewey continued to refuse to support Aguinaldo now though, and Aguinaldo once again controlled the Philippines, which was still under storm by Spanish forces.

Quantum Cryptography Essay -- Codes Cryptography Symbols Essays

Quantum cryptographKeeping secrets and passing information that is undetected has long been the goal of cryptographers. Codes have been written and then broken keeping cryptographers in constant search for the unbreakable code. Until recently, that goal seemed unreachable however, a solution to the once impossible question seems to have surfaced. Quantum secret writing delves down into the world of very small fractions, where there ar entirely new ways of building ciphers. (Arrives 2) Quantum steganography is a relatively recent discovery in the world of cryptography and is still being tested by the government for distance and practicality. Most recently, researchers at government-owned QinetiQ PLC and Ludwig-Maximilans-University demonstrated a nighttime key exchange using quantum cryptography over 23.4 km between the mountaintops at Zugspitze and Karwendelspitze in Germany (Bains 1).To understand how quantum cryptography works, one and only(a) must first be familiar with the Heisenberg precariousness principle. According to Heisenberg, when one tries to measure a quantum particle (a very small particle), the particle is altered in such a way that your measurement cannot be completely accurate. The particle is disturbed and its appearance before the attempted measurement can no longer be determined. (Arrives 3). In quantum cryptography, there are four different particles. The particles are identified by their positions (horizontal) (vertical) / (left diagonal) (right diagonal). The particles are measured by the receiver with a filter, and predictably, the vertical filter allows vertical particles through, the horizontal filter allows horizontal particles through, and so on. Here, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle thro... ...he key that Bob is using, Alice is free to read any message Bob sends however, Bob will be at a loss to draw anything that Alice sends his way. While it is virtually impossible to eavesdrop using quantum cryptography, the sy stem is only as reliable as the sender and the recipient.Works CitedSpecial Report Quantum Cryptography Arrives. PC Magazine. 6 pages. 6 August 2002. Article A90181639 (Infotrac).Bains, Sunny. Alice and Bob grow apart. (Quantum Cryptography). Laser Focus World. 2 pages. May 2002. v. 38. i.5. Article A86506297 (Infotrac).The end of the code state of war? Quantum cryptography The uncertainty principle and codes. (Science and Technology). The Economist (US). 3 pages. 23 June 2001. Article A75710312 (Infotrac).Peterson, Ivars. Quantum Cheating. Science News. 2 pages. 14 June 1997. v.151i. 24. Article A19524070 (Infotrac).

Examining Teaching through a New Lens: Learning about English Language

As a future educator, I tend to find myself wondering close my students. I think about the challenges that may airlift and the tasks that I will need to accomplish. I know that there will be many joys and rewarding times during teaching I also lie with the potential struggles. I wanted to make my direction for this paper a learning experience. I wanted to dive into information on a national that I was unsure of and learn more about how to handle it. I aimed to find information about ELL, English spoken language learner, students and how I could assist them in the classroom. My Topic and What I Already Knew about My TopicI will explain in this section why I wanted to research at bottom the topic of ELL students. I will also provide my past knowledge and experiences that include being with ELL students due to my observation in a public check for my F200 class. The few weeks I spent observing shed a new light on the subject for me.Topic ChoiceI decided to focus my research on the topic of ELL students. I knew that understanding ELL students would be important to my future. I knew that it would be critical to find out information on ELL students because I only speak English. I wanted to know what I could do as these students teacher to help them learn as much as possible. then(prenominal) Knowledge and ExperienceIf you would have asked me about ELL students any time prior to this year, I would have not been able to tell you one thing about them. I honestly never had the thought of having to teach a student who spoke a different language than me. I grew up in a small, rural town with all English speaking students. I never saw my teachers faced with the dilemma of having a different language spoken in the classroom. Not being exposed to ELL studen... ...eb.b.ebscohost.comEnglish language learners. (2013). Retrieved from https//nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cgf.aspErnst-Slavit, G., Moore, M., & Maloney, C. (2002). Changing lives teaching English and liter ature to ESL students. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 46(2), 116-128. Retrieved from http//web.b.ebscohost.comGoldenberg, C. (2008). Teaching English language learners. American Educator, 32(2), 8-44. Retrieved from http//www.aft.org/pdfs/americaneducator/summer2008/goldenberg.pdfHeining-Boynton, A. L. (n.d.). Keys to success for English language learners. Retrieved from http//www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/760Vacca-Rizopoulos, L. A., & Nicoletti, A. (2009). Preservice teachers reflections on effective strategies for teaching Latino ESL students. Journal of Latinos and Education, 8(1), 67-76. Retrieved from http//web.b.ebscohost.com